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This is the 177th original article of Gongma Bio     Legal Access to the Global Cannabis Industry   More than 70 countries around the world have legalized some form of marijuana use, and eight have legalized it for personal or recreational use. The data contains the current status of the legal medical and recreational markets in 217 countries in all regions of the world.   According to the industry policies and market data of the global cannabis market, Gongma Bio has feasible insights into each stakeholder in the cannabis market, and hopes to integrate and create with all cannabis fans. ​ Global Market Status Global Legal Landscape   According to Equio, a professional data website for the root industry, among the 217 countries and regions in the world: Legal entry for "adult use sale" - 8: This country has legalized adult use and possession of high THC marijuana. The country regulates the distribution and sale of legal marijuana. Legal entry as "adult use rights" - 5: The country has legalized adult use and possession of high THC marijuana, but has yet to institute any regulated framework for distribution and sale. Legal Access is "Medical Only" - 17: The country has legalized medical marijuana use by patients and offers some form of legal access to cannabis with high THC levels (>10mg/10% THC). Legal entry as "some form of legalization" - 41: The country has passed some form of cannabis legislation, but has not met the threshold for legal possession and use of high THC (>10mg/10% THC) . Legal access for "no legal market" - 147                      Distribution of Consumers in 2020 According to statistics, the global legal market sales in 2020 are $23.7B, the number of consumers is 286.1M; the adult use market is $13.4B; the medical market planning model is $10.2B, and the 5-year legal market compound annual growth rate is 16.62% (2020-2025 ); the illegal market other than that is $391B, and the 5-year legal market is in line with an annual growth rate of 3.64% (2020-2025).   The share of 391B in the illegal market is larger than the sum of the other three markets, because the policies of many countries are still in the stage of trial and error, and laws and regulations are not perfect.   The State of the U.S. Cannabis Market   US Cannabis Dashboard Since the word "marijuana" entered the public eye of the United States in 2014, its legal market share has reached $26.5B from 0 to 2022, and is expected to reach $58.63B in 2030.   In addition to financial related data, the number of active dispensaries in the United States in 2022 is 6.6K, the number of cannabis consumers in the United States is 49.5M, the legal market size is $26.5B, and the outdoor area of cannabis plants is 33.5K.   Product Sales Index - United States In the United States, where the industry is the first, Huaye has ranked first in market sales for a long time, with a market share of around 40% from 2019 to 2022; followed by electronic atomization liquid (CBD/THC Vape oil), with a market share of 30% ; other uses including tinctures, extracts, external administration and direct consumption accounted for less.   General marijuana consumer data information in the United States is as follows:   Consumer density: 134/thousand people   Annual consumption rate: 17% (over 18 years old)   Monthly consumption rate: 12% (over 18 years old)   Medical patient scale: 440W                    Top reasons for spending The main reasons for American consumers to consume cannabis products are: to relax, relieve stress, reduce anxiety, improve sleep quality, and relieve pain, etc., which correspond to the anti-inflammatory, sleep-aiding, and wound-healing effects of cannabis products (see the link for details).   Cannabis data set table:                   US CBD Retail Situation and Future Market Forecast ​                   Retail Spending on Cannabis Foods   Compared with Europe and Asia, THC products in the United States are prevalent, and the CBD market share is not high, but sales are still high. The breakdown of retail spending on cannabis edibles has been mentioned in the table above. It is worth mentioning that the failure of the SAFE Banking event in the U.S. Senate (worth $33B in Congress, and large companies in the cannabis industry with 30K employees cannot obtain banking services, which will cause massive unemployment) has brought an unknown impact on the cannabis food and snacks industry. Especially in terms of the influence of public opinion, some people commented that "this is definitely a huge failure of the leadership of the Senate".   Statement   We resolutely oppose all recreational marijuana and drugs in China. Part of the content of this article comes from the media network. The purpose of reprinting is to share more information, such as the content of the work and copyright issues. Please contact the editor within 30 days, and we will be the first Time to verify and delete. The opinions of the content of the article belong to the author, do not fully represent the opinions of this site, do not constitute any investment or application advice, and have the final right to interpret this statement and activities.

2023 Top Ten Cannabis Industry Trends Worth Attention (International Version)   The new year has brought new optimism and hope to the cannabis industry, which may see a series of influential trends. In general, 2022 is a difficult year for the cannabis industry. The macroeconomic adverse wind includes inflation, as well as industry-specific obstacles, such as overproduction and lack of capital investment. Looking forward to the future, the hemp market can be expected to take just a few examples: M&A activity has slowed down for a long time. Call for the suspension of production in mature markets struggling with excessive supply. As consumers' buying habits become more and more mature, the retail level of product segmentation.   1. Major market integration After the boom period during the COVID-19 pandemic blockade, the cannabis industry does not seem to be as recession-resistant as before. Companies in mature entertainment markets such as Colorado and Washington are struggling to cope with falling prices. Other markets, such as Michigan and Massachusetts, where adult goods sales are on the younger side, have reached saturation points. In response, subsidiaries and companies involved in factories are laying off workers. Despite the cost reduction measures, many companies will still close down this year, and the licenses will be absorbed by larger enterprises. Only cost-effective enterprises can survive.   2. Mergers and acquisitions stagnate By 2022, M&A activities will slow down sharply, and with continuous reports that capital channels around the United States are almost exhausted, this trend will certainly continue. For a time, MJBizDaily often reported more than $100 million in corporate transactions. But these are few now. Many of the transactions we covered in 2022 were less than $25 million. Even the value of all or part of the stock transactions reached last year also fell sharply with the stock market. This trend is unlikely to reverse.   3. Delta-8 THC is still a burr in the industry In the past year, almost every state's legal cannabis market has formulated some type of rules to manage delta-8 THC. States with limited or no legal cannabis market - even those with sound laws - see the proliferation of delta-8 products almost unregulated, providing a major source of competition for licensed industries. According to the 2018 Agricultural Act legalizing the national production of cannabis and the "derivatives" and "extracts" of cannabis, cannabinoids extracted from the extracted CBD are legal as long as the plants they start meet the legal definition of cannabis. Therefore, extracting CBD from fried dough twist and then passing it through the manufacturing process does not violate the US Controlled Substances Act. If there is no change in the law, the delta-8 market may remain the same, which is a major problem for the cannabis industry.   4. THC efficacy obsession and laboratory shopping attract more attention The industry's obsession with THC effectiveness will eventually emerge. A long-standing problem, the effectiveness problem really surfaced in 2022. The test laboratory was prosecuted for distorting the THC number, and the state regulators from Florida to Nevada began to impose fines and suspension on the violation laboratory. Industry observers hope that this will reduce the purchase of laboratories and better educate consumers about many other beneficial ingredients of cannabis plants. In turn, this may shift the focus of the industry away from cannabinoid content.   5. The call for suspension is getting higher and higher With growers in mature markets experiencing price compression and oversaturation, and more planting capacity online, some people are calling on the state government to provide assistance. Companies in Colorado, Michigan and other states require state regulators to intervene and suspend new licenses. It remains to be seen how this artificial market control will affect business success. Similar actions in Oregon a few years ago did not solve the problem of overproduction in the market.   The above content is based on the objective analysis of the international hemp industry market. I hope to share information with friends in the industry and hemp friends to promote progress. The domestic hemp industry market will continue to update in the near future, please look forward to it!

Endogenous cannabis system and schizophrenia     Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disease, with a serious destructive, incidence rate of about 1%, mostly in late adolescence and early adulthood. The main manifestations of schizophrenia are abnormal psychological function and disordered behavior, which can be divided into three categories: (1) positive symptoms, mainly including hallucinations, delusions, memory disorders, movement disorders, etc; (2) Negative symptoms, mainly including social avoidance, decreased initiative, wrong judgment, problem-solving obstacles, etc; (3) Cognitive symptoms, which are the core symptoms of schizophrenia, mainly involve attention, learning, memory and executive dysfunction. Several hypotheses have been developed, such as the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, dopamine and NMDA neurotransmitters. The researchers proposed the research on endogenous cannabis in schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is related to the endogenous cannabis system, especially the over activation of CB1 receptor.     Endogenous cannabis system. The endogenous cannabis system is composed of cannabis receptors, endogenous cannabinoids and cannabinoid degrading enzymes, which regulate many important functions of the human body, such as cognition, emotion, sleep, pain, motivation and so on. In addition, it has effects on exercise control, cardiovascular regulation, endocrine activity, energy metabolism, immune response, etc. The endogenous cannabis system exists in the neural circuit of stress response. It is an endogenous neuroprotective system. It is activated under some neuropathological conditions and plays a role in homeostasis. Cannabis receptors CB1 and CB2 belong to the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. CB1 receptor is mainly distributed in the central system, with high concentration in sensory and motor control areas such as basal ganglia, hippocampus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and cerebellum. It plays an important role in motivation and cognition. These regions are closely related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. CB1 receptors mainly exist in the presynaptic of central and peripheral neurons and inhibit the release of other neurotransmitters, which is also a major role of the endogenous cannabis system. The number of CB1 receptors in the brain increases gradually from birth to adulthood. CB2 receptors are mainly distributed in peripheral immune cells. Studies have found that CB2 receptors also exist in the brain stem and cerebellum. CB2 receptors exist in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus. CB2 receptors play a role in emotional and cognitive functions.     Signal transduction of CB1 receptor CB1 receptor is responsible for the signal transduction of endocannabinoids in the brain. AEA and 2-AG are released from the presynaptic cell membrane. CB1 receptor is activated by diffusion and binding with presynaptic CB1 receptor. The signal of CB1 receptor is mainly transmitted to the cell through its coupled k+ sensitive gi/o protein. The CB1 receptor activated by this protein inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase, reduces the production of adenosine monophosphate, and weakens the activity of kinase A, Open k+ channel, increase k+ outflow, weaken neuronal discharge and pulse conduction, block ca2+ influx, and cut off the necessary channel for neurotransmitter release at presynaptic sites. CB1 receptor signal transduction regulated by endogenous cannabinoid affects the activities of a variety of neurotransmitters. CB1 receptor and schizophrenia     Animal experiments have found that CB1 receptor plays an important role in schizophrenia. When mice use the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDA) receptor antagonist phency clidine (PCP), they will produce schizophrenia like symptoms, such as increased exercise, stereotyped behavior, decreased social activities, etc. These symptoms were not observed in CB1 receptor gene knockout (cb1ko) mice. Experimental comparison showed that cb1ko mice had the symptoms of decreased movement and ataxia. CB1 receptor gene knockout changed the behavior caused by PCP, and CB1 receptor played an important role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. The density of PCP and CB1 receptors in amygdala and ventral dorsal tegmental area increased, which was reflected in brain areas closely related to schizophrenia. The density of CB1 receptors changed, CB1 receptors decreased in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and cerebellum, and increased in globus pallidus. The pathology and mechanism of schizophrenia γ- Many neurotransmitters such as aminobutyric acid, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and glutamic acid have complex effects. CB1 receptor can directly or indirectly regulate many neurotransmitters. After CB1 receptor is activated, the channel is opened to stimulate dopamine outflow from the striatum, and dopamine is released from the midbrain margin, medial prefrontal cortex, midbrain region and substantia nigra. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are related to the increased release of dopamine (especially dopamine released from the midbrain margin region). Cannabinoid decreased the release of acetylcholine in the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum, while CB1 receptor antagonist increased the concentration of acetylcholine in these areas. The activities of norepinephrine in hippocampus, cerebellum, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex were inhibited as CB1 receptor agonists, CB1 receptor antagonists attenuated the inhibition, and cannabinoid inhibited the activities of norepinephrine in hypothalamus and striatum. Endocannabinoids act on CB1 receptors at the axonal terminals of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, activating the downstream of gi/o protein intramolecular signals, resulting in the short-term or long-term inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters in the vesicles. This method has an effect in the brain stem, midbrain, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala and other parts.     Study on different genes of CB1 receptor. The polymorphism of CB1 receptor gene has a certain relationship with schizophrenia. The variation of this gene leads to different phenotypes of schizophrenia. In the study of AAT repeat polymorphism of CB1 receptor gene, it was found that the AAT repeat polymorphism of CB1 receptor gene was significantly associated with schizophrenia. Other studies on CB1 receptor genotyping did not find such an important link. It is found that drug sensitive patients have lower levels of allele g than insensitive patients, and CB1 receptor genotyping has nothing to do with susceptibility to disease, which provides a new direction for research. CB2 receptors mainly act in the peripheral nervous system, but the central system has no significant function. More and more studies on CB2 have found that CB2 receptors are widely distributed in the central system and play a role in the neurobiological mechanism of schizophrenia. By comparing the levels of AEA in the blood of schizophrenic patients and healthy volunteers, it was found that the remission of schizophrenic symptoms was accompanied by the decrease of the mRNA level encoding CB2 receptor in peripheral blood monocytes, and CB2 receptor played a role in mental diseases.     Endocannabinoids and schizophrenia Cannabis receptor is related to schizophrenia, and the level of endogenous cannabinoid in schizophrenic patients has significant changes. The study found that the AEA level in the blood of schizophrenic patients was higher than that of healthy people, and the remission of their clinical symptoms was accompanied by a significant decline in the AEA level, which showed that in severe schizophrenia, the AEA endogenous cannabinoid signal changed in the central system and in the blood. The study found that AEA increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute schizophrenia, and increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of early patients without drug treatment. The change of AEA level in cerebrospinal fluid was negatively correlated with symptoms. The increase of AEA level was due to the self-regulation of the central system and played a role of self-protection. Studies have found that cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabidiol receptor antagonist, inhibits the degradation of AEA, and the improvement of patients' clinical condition is related to the increase of serum AEA level. It is further found that AEA plays a protective role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. CB1 receptor antagonists and schizophrenia In the process of optimizing small molecule antihistamines, researchers synthesized clozapine to become a representative atypical drug. Clozapine can better control emotions and reduce extravertebral reactions. There are many deficiencies in clozapine, such as the improvement of cognitive impairment is still unsatisfactory, and it can not produce sufficient treatment effect for many patients. The side effects of existing drugs damage the health of patients and reduce the quality of life, We need to find new drugs or combination drugs. Studies have found that CB1 receptor antagonists have become a hot topic, and CB1 receptor has become a new anti schizophrenia drug. CBD is one of the main components of cannabis plant. CBD is an antagonist of CB1 receptor, which inhibits the reabsorption and degradation of AEA, and has neuroprotective and antioxidant effects.     Studies have found that CBD plays a role in combating schizophrenia. In the experiments of dopamine and glutamate basic schizophrenia animal models, CBD has a significant role in combating schizophrenia. CBD alleviates the excitatory movement induced by NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in rats using D-2 receptor agonists, reverses the pre pulse inhibition induced by NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, and CBD antagonizes Δ 9-THC induced psychotic effects, reducing psychotic symptoms in patients with ketamine or Parkinson's disease. Looking ahead Cannabis receptor CB1 and CB2 receptors play an important role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia and become a new treatment direction for the treatment of schizophrenia. Endogenous cannabinoids play a protective role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. The exact role of endogenous cannabis system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is still unknown, and more research is needed. Cannabis receptors are widely distributed in the human body. It is a new way and direction for the development of cannabis drugs to activate or antagonize cannabis receptors for therapeutic purposes

Endocannabinoid system     Endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a system composed of cannabinoid receptors, cannabinoid ligands, enzymes and proteins that synthesize, transport and degrade them. ECs and 2-arachi-donoylglycerol (2-AG) and n-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) have been widely studied. A variety of factors, such as metabolic receptors (such as dopamine) or ionic receptors (such as ca2+), are beneficial to the synthesis of ECs. CB1 receptors and CB2 receptors are located on the cell surface. CB1 receptors are distributed in the whole brain, and are rich in basal ganglia, hippocampus and other regions, and participate in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. CB2 receptor in normal brain tissue is up-regulated in activated microglia after chronic pro-inflammatory stimulation. ECS acts on synapses when the body needs it.     CB1 mainly exists in the central and peripheral nervous system, and in various peripheral tissues, including the heart and blood vessels; CB2 is mainly distributed in immune system and hematopoietic cells, central nervous system and heart. Cannabinoids play a role in vasodilation, bradycardia, hypotension, inhibition of myocardial contraction, anti-inflammatory and protection of endothelial cells. Cannabinoids have a broad application prospect in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The role of ECs in cardiovascular diseases CB1 receptors are distributed in cerebellum, basal ganglia, hippocampus and cortex. It is found in other areas, such as the brainstem, where the regulatory center of respiratory and cardiovascular function is located. In the cardiovascular system, CB1 receptors are located in myocardium, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Studies have found that the heart can promote inflammation, oxidation and fibrosis under disease conditions when CB1 is activated. These effects include increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, apoptotic signaling pathways and collagen accumulation. Compared with other anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis, drug inhibition of CB1 receptor signal has the advantage of anti atherosclerotic effect by avoiding vascular inflammation and improving the prognosis after myocardial infarction     CB2 receptor is expressed in cardiomyocytes, coronary artery endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. CB2 receptor is expressed in immune cells such as leukocytes and macrophages. These cells participate in the control of inflammation and cardiac tissue damage. The activation of CB2 receptor has anti fibrosis function in skin and heart. Pharmacological activation of CB2 receptor in bleomycin model experiment of systemic sclerosis (SSC) not only reduces dermal thickness and collagen accumulation around blood vessels, but also prevents mast cell degranulation and macrophage infiltration in skin Activation of CB2 receptor triggers anti-inflammatory and anti fibrosis effects. In the experimental model of myocardial interstitial fibrosis, the activation of CB2 receptor decreased the increase of type I collagen and type III collagen CB2 deficient mice are more sensitive to fibrosis progression after myocardial infarction (MI). Endogenous cannabinoid concentration and inhibitor are the main compounds that block degradation. The positive effects of inhibitors have been studied in many pathological states, such as nervous system, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases, the enhancement of endogenous cannabinoid tension, and the reduction of the level of lipid mediators involved in insulin resistance, which trigger the protective mechanism of the heart. Inhibitors reduce blood pressure and are the regulators of myocardial lipid metabolism in spontaneous hypertension As the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, it provides an important research direction and role. Regulation of ECS on cardiovascular function Cardiac effects co-exist in atrial myocytes, CB1 and CB2 receptors belonging to G-protein coupled receptors. Endogenous cannabinoids participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function through CB1 receptors. Studies have found that endogenous cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists reduce atrial contractility in a concentration dependent manner. Presynaptic CB1 receptors with sympathetic nerves inhibit norepinephrine release. The effect of reducing heart rate, myocardial systolic and diastolic rate was blocked by CB1 receptor antagonist. Endocannabinoids are involved in the regulation of myocardial systolic and diastolic function and heart rate through a CB1 receptor independent pathway.     Cannabinoid in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases Cardiac fibrosis is a major pathological disease associated with numerous cardiovascular diseases. It is characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the heart, accompanied by activation of cardiac fibroblasts. These two are components of most cardiac pathological conditions After ischemia injury or pressure overload, the heart undergoes a dynamic remodeling process coordinated by cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, immune cells and cardiac fibroblasts. Myocardial repair ability is low, and ventricular fibrosis remodeling occurs in diseases related to acute myocardial cell death. Myocardial fibroblasts differentiate from myofibroblasts that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to proliferation of non myocytes and increased production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibronectin and collagen deposition in myocardial tissue To study how to prevent immune related myocardial injury and autoimmune myocarditis by enhancing the protective and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in adenosine A2A receptor The reduction of initial myocardial injury by CBD is associated with acute events such as oxidative stress and activation of death signaling pathway In fact, CBD alleviates diabetes related myocardial fibrosis. A new role of CBD in cardiovascular disease in the mouse model, defective mice have stronger resistance to oxidative stress related to cardiovascular disease. CBD ablation protects mouse myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion and its lack of protection against atherosclerosis The role of ECs in cardiovascular diseases CB1 receptors are distributed in cerebellum, basal ganglia, hippocampus and cortex. It is found in other areas, such as the brainstem, where the regulatory center of respiratory and cardiovascular function is located. In the cardiovascular system, CB1 receptors are located in myocardium, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Studies have found that the heart can promote inflammation, oxidation and fibrosis under disease conditions when CB1 is activated. These effects include increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, apoptotic signaling pathways and collagen accumulation. Compared with other anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis, drug inhibition of CB1 receptor signal has the advantage of anti atherosclerotic effect by avoiding vascular inflammation and improving the prognosis after myocardial infarction CB2 receptor is involved in the control of inflammation and cardiac tissue damage in cardiac myocytes, coronary artery endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, leukocytes and macrophages. CB2 receptor has the role of cardiac protection Activation of CB2 receptor has anti fibrosis function in skin and heart. Pharmacological activation of CB2 receptor in bleomycin model experiment of systemic sclerosis (SSC) not only reduces dermal thickness and collagen accumulation around blood vessels, but also prevents mast cell degranulation and macrophage infiltration in skin Activation of CB2 receptor triggers anti-inflammatory and anti fibrosis effects. In the experimental model of myocardial interstitial fibrosis, the activation of CB2 receptor decreased the increase of type I collagen and type III collagen CB2 deficient mice are more sensitive to fibrosis progression after myocardial infarction (MI).     Outlook and future Cannabinoid ECS plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular processes, and the regulation of ECB tension is considered to be a promising method for the treatment of heart diseases. This method is beneficial to various diseases, such as metabolic equivalent and cardiac fibrosis. Considering the significant complexity of ECs, the effect of ECS modulation needs to be further studied. New research is providing research direction for improving the process of identifying new drugs and therapeutic targets. The continuous in-depth study on the cardiovascular mechanism of ECS will provide a new way for the prevention and treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases

Cannabinoid receptors and dopamine neurons     The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, cannabinoid ligands and several other enzymes and proteins that synthesize, transport and degrade them. At present, there are four kinds of endogenous cannabis substances found, including arachidonic acid ethanolamine (anandamide), 2-AG, nnoladin ether and virod- hamine. Cannabinoid receptors include CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor; Cannabinoids exert various biological effects mainly through CB1 and CB2 pathways. It is found that cannabinoid receptors are involved in regulating the functional activities of dopamine neurons, and also play an important role in regulating the downstream signal pathway after dopamine receptor activation. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological changes are the loss and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum of the midbrain, and the presence of eosinophilic Lewy bodies in the cytoplasm of the remaining neurons. Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 signal pathways in the central nervous system, the regulation of cannabinoid and its receptor on dopamine neuron function and the research on PD lesions can provide feasible ideas or strategies for drug design for cannabinoid receptor and the treatment of PD in the future.     Distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptors Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 are widely distributed in the central nervous system. CB1 mainly exists in the cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray of midbrain, spinal cord and other parts. In the study of cell localization, CB1 was observed in the globus pallidus of basal ganglia, the axon terminals and the anterior segment of axon terminals of putamen; The dorsal and ventral striatum contained medium-sized spinous neurons; The direct pathway axon from globus pallidus to substantia nigra. Parallel and ascending fibers in cerebellum, basket cells, motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord, sensory neurons in dorsal horn and microglia; CB1 was also found in glutamatergic neurons in the cortex and hippocampus. CB2 is mainly distributed in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala, brainstem, thalamus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray matter of midbrain, paratrochlear nucleus, lateral paralemma nucleus, red nucleus, pontine nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, etc. In the study of cell localization, CB2 was found in dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. CB2 was found in cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons, cerebral cortex microglia and astrocytes, and spinal dorsal horn microglia     Cannabinoid receptor and regulation of dopamine neurons In the central nervous system, a variety of neurotransmitters and receptors often participate in the regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission efficiency through complex interactions. Dopamine is the most abundant catecholamine neurotransmitter in the brain. Cannabinoid acts on its receptor CB1 to affect dopamine neurons and the subsequent effects of dopamine receptor activation. It can regulate the degradation of dopamine, synthesize tyrosine, and synthesize dopamine under the catalysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase. Dopamine is degraded to dihydroxyphenylacetic acid by monoamine oxidase. Accelerated hydrolysis of dopamine; In PD mice with CB1 gene knockout, the contents of dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in caudate nucleus decreased, and CB1 deletion promoted the hydrolysis of dopamine. Found in experiments with PD β- Caryophyllene can alleviate the loss of dopamine neuron fibers in substantia nigra and striatum. Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 activation maintain the stability of dopamine content in substantia nigra, striatum and caudate nucleus, and play a certain protective role on dopamine neurons. Endogenous cannabinoid system and Pd Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by myotonia, tremor and bradykinesia, high-level cognitive dysfunction and fine language problems. It usually occurs due to the lack of dopamine formation caused by the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in the dopaminergic system, and they regulate each other. For example, CB1 receptors and d1/d2 like receptors in striatal neurons show complex interaction signals. The level of endogenous cannabinoid AEA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease increased.     Changes of cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoids in Parkinson's disease model. It was found that in the primates treated with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-te-trahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, used to make animal Parkinson's disease models) and in the rats treated with 6-OHDA (6-hydroxy-dopamine, a hydroxylated derivative of catecholamine, used to induce animal Parkinson's disease), the binding of cannabinoid CB1 receptor and the level of CB1 mRNA increased. ESC and Pd Further studies found that ECs mainly existed in the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia loop. The AEA level was the highest in the reticular part of substantia nigra and the medial part of globus pallidus, and twice as high in the neostriatum and the lateral part of globus pallidus. The 2-AG level was evenly distributed in the whole basal ganglia region. These two main endogenous cannabinoids played different roles in the basal ganglia loop. PD experimental animals were treated with levodopa, and the ECS abnormality before treatment was reversed by levodopa.     Future and Outlook CB1 and CB2 participate in the pathogenesis and progression of PD by regulating the functions of dopamine neurons and dopamine receptors. Their mechanism is to maintain the stability of dopamine content in neurons by regulating the degradation of dopamine; Regulate the release of dopamine, glutamate and GABA, interfere with the regulation of striatal efference and regulate the activity of dopamine neurons. Regulate cannabinoid receptors or design and develop drugs for CB1 and CB2 to provide an idea or strategy for the treatment of PD and neurology in the future.

How is THC removed     Even if you want to manufacture CBD goods, THC, an illegal ingredient, cannot be detected from the navigation raw materials, which is disturbing. If you purchase raw materials from ordinary wholesalers or entrust some enterprises with OEM manufacturing, you usually have no opportunity to know how thc is actually removed. This article will tell you how thc is actually removed. There are three main extraction methods for CBD raw materials, which are separated according to the solvent used during extraction. 1. Supercritical CO2 extraction 2. Ethanol extraction     Hydrocarbon extraction This time, supercritical CO2 extraction, the raw material extraction method handled by our company, is taken as an example to explain. For details of other extraction methods, please see the following report. Manufacturing method of CBD raw materials Supercritical CO2 extraction (each extraction company has an "extraction formula", and there are also cases before and after the process or skipping) is basically processed from hemp biomass to CBD raw materials through the following process. Manufacturing operation of CBD raw materials ※ hemp biomass: refers to dried hemp. Before applying hemp biomass to the extraction unit, it needs to be dried. Before the harvested hemp biomass is poured on the CO2 extractor, the biomass must be dried to make it easy to enter the extractor and be crushed. As the drying standard, it is necessary to control the humidity at about 10~12% (depending on the machine used and the things you want to extract). Pour the dried and crushed hemp biomass on the extractor to extract crude oil (liquid extract) first. In addition to CBD, this crude oil also contains other cardamoms, terpenes, other natural waxes and, of course, THC. The subsequent processes (winterization and disintegration) are to remove the ingredients other than CBD and refine them to produce raw materials with higher purity of CBD. At the end of the disintegration stage, the extracted extract is "CBD disintegration". The CBD contained in CBD distillate can be adjusted by repeating the distilling process. At this time, it also contains about 4% THC (before and after using hemp biomass raw materials). When this CBD distillate is set to CBD broad spectrum (THC free distillate), perform thc removal. ※ when making CBD isotopes, skip the "refining" in the above figure. During the isolation process, filter with heptane hexon pentane and other solvents to remove THC. How to remove thc is explained below. The most popular method to remove thc is "chromatography" THC removal methods are mainly divided into the following two types. ① Chromatography (i.e separation) ② Conversion In the United States, the process of removing thc is collectively referred to as "thc mediation" and "thc remove". The removal of THC can be roughly divided into two methods (separation / conversion).     Explain in sequence. Method for separating chromographicbd and THC The most popular removal method in history is called "chromatography". Chromatographic method, make use of the polarity (※) of THC and CBD to separate them. ※ molecule: a combination of atoms. The smallest unit that can divide a substance without losing its chemical properties. H2 (hydrogen) O2 (oxygen), etc. ※ polarity: uneven distribution of positive and negative charges in molecules or chemical bonds. Separation of CBD and THC THC and CBD, in fact, have very similar molecular structures and the same chemical formula. However, thc can be separated from extracts and distillates of raw materials due to different polarity and atomic configuration. The specific method is to separate THC and CBD with solvents (ethanol, water, etc.). CBD moves with the solvent and is discharged earlier than THC. There are many forms of chromatography. Reverse phase flash chromatography and counter current chromatography are the mainstream methods to remove THC. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) is sometimes used as an analytical machine in the production of coa. (chromatography is the determination method, chromatography is the device, and chromatography refers to the determination result) reference material Source: what is HPLC (high speed liquid chromatography) produced by Shimadzu Co., Ltd     Convert to other navigation nodes "Conversion" is not to remove THC, but to convert it into other molecules (CBD or other navigation) by chemical transformation, ultraviolet decomposition or thermal oxidation. Although THC and CBD have different atomic arrangements, their molecular structures are very similar and their chemical formulas are the same. Chemical formula of CBD and THC Source: National Library of Medicine Compared with chromatography, the conversion operation is simple, so the price is cheap. On the other hand, according to the system used, about 15%~30% CBD may be lost after conversion. Even the removal method of THC can be conveyed because it attaches importance to legitimacy USDA organic certification Off Co., Ltd. is a company that entrusts the OEM manufacturing and raw material sales of CBD products. The raw materials operated by the company have the following three characteristics.

CBD oil and cat     CBD causes chemical changes by blocking receptors. It has low affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors and acts as an indirect antagonist of agonists. CBD is not perfectly located within the receptor and will not activate their binding to other chemical messengers. With the systematic study of endogenous cannabinoids, it is found that other active compounds in cannabinoids (such as CBD and CBN) have the potential for treatment.     CBD oil interacts with the endogenous cannabinoid system of cats and plays a role in cats. The endogenous cannabinoid system regulates the sleep cycle, pain level and mood of cats. CBD oil helps alleviate the discomfort they feel and control the symptoms of any health condition they suffer.     The effect of CBD on cats is similar to that on humans. CBD is absorbed into the cat's body and binds to cannabinoid receptors in the cat's brain. Helps alleviate many problems, such as inflammation, stress, pain, and anxiety. CBD helps reduce swelling and inflammation in cats. Reduce the cat's pain and feel more comfortable. CBD antagonizes the growth of cancer cells. CBD can minimize depression and anxiety in cats by promoting the release of serotonin in the brain. Help the cat to be less aggressive, less afraid or better respond to certain situations. CBD treats certain skin conditions, such as dry skin.

CBD suppresses pain     Most of the low back pain is caused by muscle contracture, trauma or spinal deformation, but about 1 in 10 patients is caused by systemic disease. Low back pain may occur anywhere from the neck to the waist, and a small part of it spreads to a large area. Low back pain is not only in mental workers, but also in physical workers. It is the most common symptom in clinic. Low back pain has become a chronic disease in modern society due to its difficult treatment, long treatment course and easy recurrence, which seriously affects the quality of life. Lumbar structure The back is a very wide range. Specifically, it includes the neck, chest, waist, sacrum, etc. The waist is the most important and weakest part of the whole back. Most back diseases occur here.     The most important structure of the back is the spine, which is a columnar structure composed of multiple vertebrae with several joints. The spinal cord walks inside it, surrounded by ligaments, muscles, tendons and fascia. The structure of the back is very precise, ingenious and complex. It is for this reason that the back is more vulnerable to injury. The spine is composed of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae and 4 caudal vertebrae. Viewed from the side, the spine presents a soothing large S shape with 4 physiological bends. Whether we are standing or sitting, the lumbar spine always bears a lot of gravity. At the same time, we often have to turn around, bend over and stretch our waist in life, which increases the burden on the lumbar spine. Therefore, the lumbar spine is prone to injury and pain. Intervertebral disc aging is the cause of low back pain The nucleus pulposus, a soft tissue, is located in the center of the intervertebral disc. It is surrounded by a ring of cartilaginous fibers. The anterior part of the outer fiber ring is the anterior longitudinal ligament, and the posterior longitudinal ligament is the posterior longitudinal ligament, which plays an auxiliary role. There are strong collagen fibers in the fiber ring, which is a kind of very elastic tissue. The nucleus pulposus in the center is gelatin and contains a lot of water. Therefore, the intervertebral disc is elastic and can absorb and mitigate the impact on the spine. The tyres of the vehicle can support the extremely heavy vehicle body and also act as a cushion to avoid directly transmitting the impact caused by the rugged road to the vehicle body. This is because tires are made of elastic rubber and filled with air. Like the intervertebral disc, the elastic fibrous ring tissue and the water in the nucleus pulposus play a role as a cushion. The water content of nucleus pulposus gradually decreases from about 20 years old. After 30 years old, the water content of annulus fibrosus also gradually decreases. The intervertebral disc first begins to age and gradually loses its elasticity. As a result, the cushion function is weakened, which can not alleviate the impact on the lumbar spine and is prone to pain.     CBD relieves back pain As a natural ingredient, cannabinoid in CBD has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The analgesic effect of cannabinoid is mainly related to CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor. CB1 receptor directly inhibits γ- Aminobutyric acid, (GABA) and glutamate release in spinal cord to achieve analgesic effect. CB2 receptor can inhibit allergic inflammation by reducing mast cell degranulation and neutrophil aggregation induced by nerve growth factor, mediate the production of immunosuppression, and achieve the effect of anti-inflammatory and analgesic. At present, there is still a lack of effective natural therapy for back pain. Traditional painkillers are not always effective. Some of them have serious side effects, addiction and visceral damage. As the topic of CBD becomes more and more popular, patients with back pain choose more traditional drug treatment methods, and more begin to choose a new treatment method CBD cannabinoid for treatment. CBD contains drugs extracted from natural plants. CBD cannabinoid is a powerful painkiller, which can reduce pain, diminish inflammation and sedation. Cannabinoids and CBD can treat or alleviate a variety of diseases and conditions. CBD cannabinoid relieves inflammation, pain, seizures and other diseases. CBD is regarded as an active agent for the treatment of back pain. CBD relieves back pain, fights the anxiety usually caused by chronic back pain, reduces inflammation, and improves sleep and overall relaxation. Studies have found that CBD can prevent osteoarthritis pain and joint neuropathy. Researchers have found that the therapeutic benefit of CBD is the result of reducing joint inflammation. In several studies, cannabinoid has been found to be a neuroprotective agent. CBD can effectively treat chronic pain. CBD relieves pain in individuals with multiple sclerosis, cancer, and fibromyalgia. CBD can effectively relieve pain. Studies have found that CBD can help reduce joint inflammation. CBD can inhibit pain and improve sleep quality in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.     CBD oil relieves physical and mental tension It secretes cortisol for a long time, leading to atrophy of the hippocampus (part related to memory), leading to dementia, or leading to abnormal immunity and delaying the healing of inflammation. The study found that CBD oil reduces the amount of cortisol secreted by the body. Cortisol has vasoconstrictive effect. Using CBD oil to relieve tension or reduce cortisol may dilate blood vessels and reduce the frequency of tension type headache. Psychological and physical tension often occur at the same time. Palliative therapy inside and outside the body helps to eliminate tension more effectively.     CBD oil in the body's vascular circulation to calm the tension of anxiety and irritability. CBD is made by dissolving in carrier oils such as MCT oil and olive oil. When CBD oil is ingested under the tongue, CBD is directly absorbed by the blood vessels. The effect lasts from 15 minutes to 1 hour. There is no metabolism in the liver or the excretion absorption rate is high. The concentration of CBD entering the blood vessels is high. The effect of CBD lasts for a long time to relieve the areas of muscle tension or pain that cause headache and shoulder stiffness. CBD is used for massage to relax stiffness and promote blood circulation. Through skin absorption, CBD directly acts on muscles and peripheral nerves. The massage effect promotes skin absorption and relieves muscle stiffness and tension. As a natural compound, CBD has become a new treatment method, providing a new method and direction for the treatment of various diseases and diseases, and bringing better quality to life and health.

What is CBD oil     Cannabinoid bisphenol (CBD) oil is essentially a concentrated solvent extract made from flowers or leaves and dissolved in edible oils such as sunflower, hemp or olive oil. The solvents used can range from relatively harmless organic solvents (ethanol, isopropanol) to more harmful organic solvents (petroleum ether, naphtha) and supercritical fluids (butane, CO 2). The exact conditions and solvents used have a great impact on the taste, color and viscosity of the final product. Since many other plant components are extracted together with the required cannabinoids present in herbal materials, they are removed by a process called "winterization". When the extract is placed in a refrigerator (– 20 to – 80 ° C) for 24 – 48 hours, components with high melting points such as wax and triglycerides and chlorophyll will precipitate and be removed by filtration or centrifugation. This treatment can significantly improve the taste and color of the final product. Hemp oil contains different concentrations of CBD and a small amount of cannabinoids, mainly depending on the hemp varieties used for extraction. The oil rich in cannabinoid (CBG) was found in CBD oil, which became the favorite drug delivery treatment for cannabinoid medical users.     Therapeutic effect of CBD CBD is used to treat and study various diseases. CBD has a therapeutic effect on epilepsy, which is called Dravet syndrome. In the clinical trial of drug CBD, it is in the phase 3 trial stage, and the experimental results are encouraging. The concern about its effect on serious epilepsy makes CBD a very popular hot topic in drug research. The medical indications of CBD treatment are supported by clinical evidence to a certain extent, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and anxiety disorder. The research on the therapeutic effect of CBD is increasing rapidly, and most of the current uses of CBD are supported by clinical data. CBD treats cancer with the goal of completely curing it. Based on more and more preclinical experimental conditions, cannabinoid can inhibit the development of cancer cells in vitro or in vivo through various mechanisms, including inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis and preventing the growth of cancer cells. The cell cycle is exciting news. CBD oil is increasingly being promoted as a preventive treatment to prevent the development of certain diseases. The endocannabinoid system is involved in basic life functions, such as appetite, immune response, reproduction and pain management. CBD acts as an indirect antagonist of CB 1 and CB 2 receptors. The presence of CBD prevents them from being over activated and protects the nervous and immune systems from daily stress. CBD is a fairly effective antioxidant that further helps prevent the effects of stress. It has increased the market of CBD products and further increased the scientific basis for the treatment of CBD. Scientifically prove that a disease is prevented by using health promoting products.     CBD oil is widely popularized and has therapeutic effect. CBD is actively promoting to children (for example, for the treatment of Dravet syndrome, ADHD, autism), the elderly (Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease), and patients with complex diseases (cancer, multiple sclerosis). Sclerosis, chronic pain), pets (anxiety, appetite, sleep). CBD oil has become an interesting combination of popular holistic medicine, miracle therapy and natural answers to synthetic drugs dominated by modern medicine. CBD brings new hope for patients' treatment and a new direction to replace traditional drugs. CBD plays an important role as a therapeutic agent for more and more medical indications. CBD is mainly sold as a food supplement. The use of CBD by patients with symptoms can improve their physical functions, which traditional drugs can not do. It will provide direction and treatment for future research.

Endogenous cannabis system and schizophrenia     Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disease, with a serious destructive, incidence rate of about 1%, mostly in late adolescence and early adulthood. The main manifestations of schizophrenia are abnormal psychological function and disordered behavior, which can be divided into three categories: (1) positive symptoms, mainly including hallucinations, delusions, memory disorders, movement disorders, etc; (2) Negative symptoms, mainly including social avoidance, decreased initiative, wrong judgment, problem-solving obstacles, etc; (3) Cognitive symptoms, which are the core symptoms of schizophrenia, mainly involve attention, learning, memory and executive dysfunction. Several hypotheses have been developed, such as the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, dopamine and NMDA neurotransmitters. The researchers proposed the research on endogenous cannabis in schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is related to the endogenous cannabis system, especially the over activation of CB1 receptor.     Endogenous cannabis system. The endogenous cannabis system is composed of cannabis receptors, endogenous cannabinoids and cannabinoid degrading enzymes, which regulate many important functions of the human body, such as cognition, emotion, sleep, pain, motivation and so on. In addition, it has effects on exercise control, cardiovascular regulation, endocrine activity, energy metabolism, immune response, etc. The endogenous cannabis system exists in the neural circuit of stress response. It is an endogenous neuroprotective system. It is activated under some neuropathological conditions and plays a role in homeostasis. Cannabis receptors CB1 and CB2 belong to the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. CB1 receptor is mainly distributed in the central system, with high concentration in sensory and motor control areas such as basal ganglia, hippocampus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and cerebellum. It plays an important role in motivation and cognition. These regions are closely related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. CB1 receptors mainly exist in the presynaptic of central and peripheral neurons and inhibit the release of other neurotransmitters, which is also a major role of the endogenous cannabis system. The number of CB1 receptors in the brain increases gradually from birth to adulthood. CB2 receptors are mainly distributed in peripheral immune cells. Studies have found that CB2 receptors also exist in the brain stem and cerebellum. CB2 receptors exist in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus. CB2 receptors play a role in emotional and cognitive functions.     Signal transduction of CB1 receptor CB1 receptor is responsible for the signal transduction of endocannabinoids in the brain. AEA and 2-AG are released from the presynaptic cell membrane. CB1 receptor is activated by diffusion and binding with presynaptic CB1 receptor. The signal of CB1 receptor is mainly transmitted to the cell through its coupled k+ sensitive gi/o protein. The CB1 receptor activated by this protein inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase, reduces the production of adenosine monophosphate, and weakens the activity of kinase A, Open k+ channel, increase k+ outflow, weaken neuronal discharge and pulse conduction, block ca2+ influx, and cut off the necessary channel for neurotransmitter release at presynaptic sites. CB1 receptor signal transduction regulated by endogenous cannabinoid affects the activities of a variety of neurotransmitters. CB1 receptor and schizophrenia Animal experiments have found that CB1 receptor plays an important role in schizophrenia. When mice use the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDA) receptor antagonist phency clidine (PCP), they will produce schizophrenia like symptoms, such as increased exercise, stereotyped behavior, decreased social activities, etc. These symptoms were not observed in CB1 receptor gene knockout (cb1ko) mice. Experimental comparison showed that cb1ko mice had the symptoms of decreased movement and ataxia. CB1 receptor gene knockout changed the behavior caused by PCP, and CB1 receptor played an important role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. The density of PCP and CB1 receptors in amygdala and ventral dorsal tegmental area increased, which was reflected in brain areas closely related to schizophrenia. The density of CB1 receptors changed, CB1 receptors decreased in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and cerebellum, and increased in globus pallidus. The pathology and mechanism of schizophrenia γ- Many neurotransmitters such as aminobutyric acid, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and glutamic acid have complex effects. CB1 receptor can directly or indirectly regulate many neurotransmitters. After CB1 receptor is activated, the channel is opened to stimulate dopamine outflow from the striatum, and dopamine is released from the midbrain margin, medial prefrontal cortex, midbrain region and substantia nigra. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are related to the increased release of dopamine (especially dopamine released from the midbrain margin region).     Cannabinoid decreased the release of acetylcholine in the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum, while CB1 receptor antagonist increased the concentration of acetylcholine in these areas. The activities of norepinephrine in hippocampus, cerebellum, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex were inhibited as CB1 receptor agonists, CB1 receptor antagonists attenuated the inhibition, and cannabinoid inhibited the activities of norepinephrine in hypothalamus and striatum. Endocannabinoids act on CB1 receptors at the axonal terminals of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, activating the downstream of gi/o protein intramolecular signals, resulting in the short-term or long-term inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters in the vesicles. This method has an effect in the brain stem, midbrain, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala and other parts. Study on different genes of CB1 receptor. The polymorphism of CB1 receptor gene has a certain relationship with schizophrenia. The variation of this gene leads to different phenotypes of schizophrenia. In the study of AAT repeat polymorphism of CB1 receptor gene, it was found that the AAT repeat polymorphism of CB1 receptor gene was significantly associated with schizophrenia. Other studies on CB1 receptor genotyping did not find such an important link. It is found that drug sensitive patients have lower levels of allele g than insensitive patients, and CB1 receptor genotyping has nothing to do with susceptibility to disease, which provides a new direction for research. CB2 receptors mainly act in the peripheral nervous system, but the central system has no significant function. More and more studies on CB2 have found that CB2 receptors are widely distributed in the central system and play a role in the neurobiological mechanism of schizophrenia. By comparing the levels of AEA in the blood of schizophrenic patients and healthy volunteers, it was found that the remission of schizophrenic symptoms was accompanied by the decrease of the mRNA level encoding CB2 receptor in peripheral blood monocytes, and CB2 receptor played a role in mental diseases.     Endocannabinoids and schizophrenia Cannabis receptor is related to schizophrenia, and the level of endogenous cannabinoid in schizophrenic patients has significant changes. The study found that the AEA level in the blood of schizophrenic patients was higher than that of healthy people, and the remission of their clinical symptoms was accompanied by a significant decline in the AEA level, which showed that in severe schizophrenia, the AEA endogenous cannabinoid signal changed in the central system and in the blood. The study found that AEA increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute schizophrenia, and increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of early patients without drug treatment. The change of AEA level in cerebrospinal fluid was negatively correlated with symptoms. The increase of AEA level was due to the self-regulation of the central system and played a role of self-protection. Studies have found that cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabidiol receptor antagonist, inhibits the degradation of AEA, and the improvement of patients' clinical condition is related to the increase of serum AEA level. It is further found that AEA plays a protective role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. CB1 receptor antagonists and schizophrenia In the process of optimizing small molecule antihistamines, researchers synthesized clozapine to become a representative atypical drug. Clozapine can better control emotions and reduce extravertebral reactions. There are many deficiencies in clozapine, such as the improvement of cognitive impairment is still unsatisfactory, and it can not produce sufficient treatment effect for many patients. The side effects of existing drugs damage the health of patients and reduce the quality of life, We need to find new drugs or combination drugs. Studies have found that CB1 receptor antagonists have become a hot topic, and CB1 receptor has become a new anti schizophrenia drug. CBD is one of the main components of cannabis plant. CBD is an antagonist of CB1 receptor, which inhibits the reabsorption and degradation of AEA, and has neuroprotective and antioxidant effects.     Studies have found that CBD plays a role in combating schizophrenia. In the experiments of dopamine and glutamate basic schizophrenia animal models, CBD has a significant role in combating schizophrenia. CBD alleviates the excitatory movement induced by NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in rats using D-2 receptor agonists, reverses the pre pulse inhibition induced by NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, and CBD antagonizes Δ 9-THC induced psychotic effects, reducing psychotic symptoms in patients with ketamine or Parkinson's disease. Looking ahead Cannabis receptor CB1 and CB2 receptors play an important role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia and become a new treatment direction for the treatment of schizophrenia. Endogenous cannabinoids play a protective role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. The exact role of endogenous cannabis system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is still unknown, and more research is needed. Cannabis receptors are widely distributed in the human body. It is a new way and direction for the development of cannabis drugs to activate or antagonize cannabis receptors for therapeutic purposes  

Endocannabinoid system and neuroprotection     The plant cannabis has the pharmacological effects of antiemetic, sedative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. More than 80 kinds of cannabinoids were extracted from plants. In addition to natural cannabinoids, studies have found that there are substances that synthesize and secrete cannabinoids in the body, which is called endocannabinoid system. This scientific research has conducted extensive and in-depth research on endogenous cannabinoids. The main functions of endocannabinoid system- system in the central nervous system are closely related to neuroprotection, in addition to regulating emotional, memory, appetite, autonomic behavior and other neural activities. Cannabinoid receptor Scholars have studied cannabinoid receptors in tissues and cells, which is helpful to better understand the role of endogenous cannabinoid system in some diseases. Cannabinoid receptor CB1 and cannabinoid receptor CB2 are a class of cell membrane receptors, belonging to G protein coupled receptors.     CB1 receptors mainly exist in the central and peripheral nervous system. CB1 is much higher in the central nervous system than in the surrounding. CB1 receptors in the basal ganglia nucleus are hippocampus, cerebellum and neocortex. At the cellular level, GABA in the terminals of presynaptic neurons in various brain regions is higher than that of glutamatergic neurons. CB1 receptors are also found in microglia and peripheral immune cells. CB1 receptors on microglia inhibit the release of nitric oxide and are used for anti-inflammatory effects. There are also CB1 receptors on astrocytes. It has been found that acute cannabinoid impairs working memory (short-term memory) through the long-term inhibition of hippocampus through the CB1 receptors on astrocytes. Amino acids and C-terminus in CB2 receptors play a major role in ligand mediated receptor desensitization and receptor down-regulation. Different from CB1 receptor, CB2 receptor mainly exists in the peripheral immune system, including spleen and thymus, monocytes, T cells and B cells. Studies have found that CB2 receptor gene transcripts are also widespread in brain tissue. CB2 receptors in brain tissue are mainly located in inflammatory cells related to central immunity, such as microglia, dendritic cells and cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Activation of these receptors can attenuate the inflammatory response, inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors, reduce leukocyte chemotaxis and extravasation to the brain parenchyma.     Endocannabinoids Endogenous cannabinoids are found in brain tissues. There are five kinds of endogenous cannabinoids: anandamide (AEA), 2-AG, o-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, n-arachidonyldopamine (Nada) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol ether. Although many endogenous cannabinoids have been found, AEA and 2-AG are the focus of attention. AEA is the earliest endogenous cannabinoid substance found in brain tissue and periphery. The chemical structure of AEA is different from THC, but its pharmacological characteristics are similar. AEA levels were higher in hippocampus, thalamus, striatum and brainstem, but lower in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. AEA is a partial agonist of cannabinoid receptor. It has a strong ability to excite the CB1 receptor in the central nervous system and a weak ability to excite the CB2 receptor in peripheral tissues. 2-AG has been found in the brain and periphery. It is abundant in the hippocampus, striatum, brainstem and medulla of rats. The concentration of 2-AG in the brain is higher than that of AEA. 2-AG is a complete agonist of cannabinoid receptor. It has similar affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors and is more effective than AEA. 2-AG is an endogenous ligand of CB2 and has greater stability than AEA. Synthesis and release of endocannabinoids Different from the traditional neurotransmitters, endocannabinoids synthesize a certain amount when they need to be released, and release them to the synaptic space immediately. The synthesis and degradation enzymes of endocannabinoids dynamically regulate the changes of endocannabinoids under normal and disease conditions, which has become a key research point for treatment. AEA and 2-AG are produced by the cleavage of plasma membrane phospholipids, and ca2+ is used as a membrane depolarization biosensor to induce synthesis. AEA is synthesized from its precursors arachidonic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine through two intracellular enzymes, N-acyltransferase and phospholipase (NAPE-PLD). The ability of n-acylphosphodylethanolamines (napes) to cleave to produce AEA in the environment with low ca2+ concentration decreases and will not disappear completely. Nape cleaves to produce AEA through other pathways besides PLD, such as phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. 2-AG is produced by hydrolysis of membrane derived diglycerides by diglyceride lipase (dagl), which is located on the membrane of dendritic spines of neurons and induced by activated astrocytes. Once released into synaptic space, endocannabinoids are rapidly reabsorbed and inactivated. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane enzyme belonging to serine hydrolase family, which is mainly located in postsynaptic neurons and complementary to CB1 receptor. Reactive astrocytes (activated and proliferated from a resting state after central nervous system injury to form reactive astrocyte proliferation) increase FAAH. FAAH mainly decomposes AEA and a small amount of 2-AG. 2-AG is mainly decomposed by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). The distribution of MAGL in rat brain is heterogeneous, and the expression level of MAGL is the highest in the regions where CB1 receptors are widely distributed, such as hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. MAGL is distributed in presynaptic nerve endings and plays a role in the reverse signal transduction of presynaptic neurons. AEA was degraded to arachidonic acid and ethanolamine in FAAH; 2-AG was degraded to arachidonic acid and glycerol by MAGL. FAAH and MAGL play an important role in regulating the signal intensity of endocannabinoids. Their inhibitors can produce different behavioral effects, some of which are overlapping. After nerve injury, it can activate the signal transmission of endogenous cannabinoids in the central nervous system, and indirectly activate the downstream signal pathway through drug inhibition of FAAH and MAGL, which can promote the maintenance and function maintenance of neurons. FAAH and MAGL have become the research directions of potential drugs for neuroprotection.     Endocannabinoid system and neuroprotection The neuroprotective effect of cannabinoid system is a hot topic in many disciplines. Endogenous cannabinoid system can improve the prognosis of nerve injury and neurodegenerative diseases by regulating the nervous and immune system. Endogenous cannabinoid system and ischemic brain injury The prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia injury and its mechanism are the focus of medical research. It has been found that cerebral ischemic preconditioning can induce cerebral ischemic tolerance. The experiment found that before cerebral ischemia, electroacupuncture was used to stimulate Baihui Point in rats to simulate the brain protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. It was found that electroacupuncture pretreatment increased the synthesis of endogenous cannabinoid ligands (2-AG and AEA) in brain tissue, up regulated the neuronal cannabinoid receptor CB1, and activated intracellular ERK ε PKC signaling pathway up regulates the ratio of bcl-2/bax, inhibits neuronal apoptosis, and induces rapid phase brain protection. Neurons are the target cells of brain preconditioning. Glial cells account for 90% of the total number of cells in the central nervous system. A large number of glial cells are also indispensable for neuroprotection. CB2 receptors can not only regulate the proliferation, differentiation and migration of microglia, but also reduce their neurotoxic reactions, and play an important role in the activation of microglia; After cerebral ischemia, CB2 receptor of glial cells increases, which can better promote the protective effect of astrocytes on neurons. Animal experiments have found that CB2 receptor agonists can alleviate focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, and activate CB2 receptor to regulate glial cell activation, which has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.     Endocannabinoid system and Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by myotonia, tremor and bradykinesia, high-level cognitive dysfunction and fine language problems. It usually occurs due to the lack of dopamine formation caused by the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in the dopaminergic system, and they regulate each other. For example, CB1 receptors and d1/d2 like receptors in striatal neurons show complex interaction signals. The level of endogenous cannabinoid AEA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease increased. Changes of cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoids in Parkinson's disease model. It was found that in the primates treated with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-te-trahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, used to make animal Parkinson's disease models) and in the rats treated with 6-OHDA (6-hydroxy-dopamine, a hydroxylated derivative of catecholamine, used to induce animal Parkinson's disease), the binding of cannabinoid CB1 receptor and the level of CB1 mRNA increased.     Future and Outlook The research on the endocannabinoid system and its related two common central diseases and the protection of endocannabinoids in the central nervous system have great potential and prospect, and will be the focus and hotspot of future research. The role of cannabinoid system in the central nervous system is complex, and the specific role and mechanism of cannabinoid system in the central nervous system are still unclear. Cannabinoid receptors in different parts activated by different ligands may have different effects on different neurotransmitters. Due to the extensive pathological cell damage in these central diseases and the complex involvement of inflammatory environmental system, it is more difficult to study the specific mechanism of endocannabinoids in normal and disease states. Endogenous cannabinoid system is involved in most of the pathogenesis of central system diseases, which has confirmed some pathogenesis. Central system diseases are a very complex process. The proposal of endogenous cannabinoid system has opened up a new way for the study of central system diseases. With the improvement of experimental technology and animal models, the components of the endocannabinoid system, such as ligands, receptors, synthetic and hydrolytic metabolic enzymes, will become the guidance and discovery to link clinical diseases and solve clinical problems. There is still a long way to go to clarify the mechanism of action and the research of endogenous cannabinoid related alternative drugs from animals to clinic.

Main application fields of industrial cannabis     The downstream of industrial cannabis includes more than ten fields, such as textile, medical treatment, food, cosmetics, building materials, etc. Fiber and medical use are the main application directions of industrial cannabis at present. As a fiber, the roots and seeds of industrial hemp are the raw materials for paper-making, textile, non-toxic materials, polishing agents and lubricants.     Hemp fiber is one of the most durable natural fibers on the earth. The products made from hemp fiber have the characteristics of durability, tensile resistance, mold resistance, antibacterial, lightness and breathability. Fiber use is the main downstream application of cannabis industry in China. In 2017, 76% of China's industrial cannabis products were textile fibers. The global cannabis fiber industry is also developing rapidly. The global (excluding China) hemp fiber output has increased steadily year by year since 2010. In 2017, the output of hemp fiber reached 55021 tons. As a medical use, CBD (cannabinoid) in the extract of industrial cannabis can be used to treat epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other diseases. The extracts of industrial cannabis can be divided into cannabinoids and non cannabinoids.     CBD belongs to cannabinoid family, which is the main chemical component in cannabis. It is extracted from female cannabis plants. It is a non addictive component in cannabis. It has anti spasmodic, anti anxiety, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. It can act on the treatment of a variety of difficult diseases, and can effectively eliminate the hallucinogenic effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on human body. It is called "anti drug compound". CBD has great potential for medical treatment, and the legalization has promoted the birth of a 10 billion legal cannabis market.  

Does CBD have a relaxing effect       CBD products attract people from all over the world, including overseas celebrities, beauticians and luxury lovers. Even in Japan, it has become a hot topic recently. Taking CBD can relax the body and mind. More and more people regard CBD oil and vape as luxury goods. However, it seems that some people have difficulty experiencing it even if they are ingested. Does CBD really have a relaxing effect? In this article, I will explain whether CBD has a relaxing effect in an easy to understand way based on academic data. If you want to know whether to buy CBD products, please look down.     1. what is CBD? May have therapeutic effect on mental disorders and depression CBD, also known as cannabinoid, is one of the bioactive substances called cannabinoids contained in cannabis. Cannabinoid is a group of compounds containing 21 carbon atoms in cannabis, which is said to have more than 100 kinds. One of the most famous cannabinoids is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Tetrahydrocannabinol is very rich in content, which can be said to be the main component of cannabis. It has the psychological effect of making people in the so-called high state. On the other hand, CBD was assessed as having anti anxiety and antipsychotic effects. The who of the world information organization announced that CBD may have therapeutic effects on Alzheimer's disease, mental disorders, stress, depression, etc., and the expectations of patients with mental diseases are rising. In fact, various national and international research institutions have reported evidence that CBD can help treat mental diseases. In this way, we have realized that it can alleviate anxiety, so we have been talking about taking CBD to relax.     2. can CBD relax you? What are the reasons for relieving anxiety? CBD has attracted people's attention because it can alleviate anxiety. So why does it relieve anxiety? From here, I will explain the mechanism of the body's nerves in more depth. ① Because CBD acts on the "serotonin" that regulates neurotransmitters Serotonin is a neurotransmitter in the brain, which is necessary for normal thinking and mental stability. It is sometimes called "happiness hormone". In recent years, it is said that 90% of the neurotransmitters in the brain that cause motivation and happiness are serotonin. Serotonin can control the information of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine (pleasure, pleasure, etc.) and norepinephrine (fear, surprise, etc.), which become difficult to control when serotonin decreases. Serotonin is essential for healthy human life because it is said that imbalance can increase aggression and lead to mental symptoms, such as anxiety, depression and panic disorder (panic disorder). It is well known that CBD can act on this serotonin, which is one of the reasons why it is said to relieve anxiety. (2) Because CBD supports the "anandamide" that constitutes the body's regulatory function. The human body has a body regulation function called "ECS (endogenous cannabinoid system)", which performs immune regulation, emotion control, cognition and memory. ECS consists of "endogenous cannabinoids" (anandamide, 2-AG, etc.) and "cannabinoid receptors" (CB1, CB2) that receive them. Endogenous cannabinoids are substances with similar functions and structures to cannabinoids in cannabis described in the previous chapter, but they are actually manufactured in our bodies. There are several types of endogenous cannabinoids, "anandamide" and "2-AG" are well known. CBD can prevent the degradation of anandamide in cells. Anandamide is usually destroyed by the metabolic enzyme "fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)", but CBD has been proved to inhibit the effect of FAAH. By doing so, CBD may indirectly enhance anandamide. In conclusion, it can be said that CBD protects some endogenous cannabinoids that constitute ECS (physical regulation function). CBD has the function of supporting physical regulation, such as controlling emotions well.     3. is CBD good for insomnia? CBD can not only alleviate anxiety, but also improve sleep disorders such as insomnia. A study in 2012 found that when the brain is not resting, feeding CBD to mice can reduce "rapid eye movement sleep". FDA also acknowledged that there is a large amount of evidence that people taking cannabinoids can improve sleep quality, reduce sleep disorders or reduce sleep time. However, it is not clear whether it has a direct impact on sleep, or whether it has another disease and affects sleep due to the improvement of disease symptoms. People who have trouble falling asleep at night, or who want to heal their tired bodies, are advised to try.     4. which intake method is better? Let's pay attention to the absorption rate of the body CBD can be ingested in a variety of ways, including oral intake through the consumption of soft candy and tablets, and inhalation of steam into the lungs. If you want to know which method is right for you, it is best to know "bioavailability". Bioavailability is the "degree" and "speed" at which substances are absorbed into the blood.  

CBD Balm     Anti inflammatory and antioxidant activities of CBD regulate cell cycle and immune cell function, and inhibit the production of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α And interleukin-1 β It inhibits the proliferation, activation, maturation, migration and antigen presentation of immune cells. CBD has good therapeutic potential in inflammatory skin diseases.     The endocannabinoid system is composed of cannabinoid receptors, cannabinoid ligands, enzymes and proteins that synthesize, transport and degrade them. ECs, 2-arachidonic acid glycerin and n-arachidonic acid ethanolamine are widely studied. A variety of factors, such as metabolic receptors (such as dopamine) or ionic receptors (such as ca2+), are beneficial to the synthesis of ECs. CB1 receptors and CB2 receptors are located on the cell surface. CB1 receptors are distributed in the whole brain, and are rich in basal ganglia, hippocampus and other regions, and participate in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. CB2 receptor in normal brain tissue is up-regulated in activated microglia after chronic pro-inflammatory stimulation. ECs are produced when the body needs them. They act on CB1 receptors and primary receptors of presynaptic membrane, inhibit ca2+ influx to presynaptic terminals, and affect the release of neurotransmitters by blocking the fusion of vesicles.     ECS is subject to strong external pressure, aging and environmental changes, which weaken its functional characteristics. When ECS weakens, cannabinoid deficiency occurs, which increases the risk of various diseases. Cannabinoid deficiency can be solved by integrating cannabinoids contained in CBD.   Relaxing effect of CBD ointment     ECS is subject to strong external pressure, aging and environmental changes, which weaken its functional characteristics. When ECS weakens, cannabinoid deficiency occurs, which increases the risk of various diseases. CBD supplements the function of endogenous cannabinoid, which plays a very important role in the endogenous cannabinoid system. CBD has a pleasant and normal rhythm of life and a relaxing effect. At the same time, CBD ointment helps to improve sleep quality and improve the effect of work and learning     In addition to mental relaxation, CBD also has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. CBD balm applied to pain areas will reduce pain and inflammation. Improve skin problems such as itching and acne. CBD has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Physical pain such as joint pain and low back pain, skin problems caused by inflammation such as acne. CBD has the functions of moisturizing, relaxation and analgesia. The moisturizing effect of skin care products made of CBD ingredients has attracted much attention in the beauty industry. After bathing, CBD ointment is applied to improve acne and other rough skin. For example, it is directly applied to acne or rough skin areas, or massaged to knee or lower back pain areas to relieve pain, repair dry skin and lock in the water lost from the skin, CBD gently heals the tired body and mind as well as physical and mental health.

Rare cannabinoids: terpenes     What is the relationship between terpene and CBD? Terpenes, as one of the main rare cannabis elements in CBD, continue to receive attention in 2021. What is terpene? In this issue, we will take a step closer to understanding and discussing the world of terpenes and CBD.     What is terpene? Terpene is a kind of hydrocarbon produced by plants, insects and animals, which will emit a strong smell. Maybe terpenes sound a little strange. In fact, terpenes are very common in our life. For example, perfume, detergent, aromatic essential oil, etc. are all made of terpenes. More importantly, terpenes are odors produced by natural plants. It is more used in essential oils to make them emit unique smell and more recognizable.     What are the uses of terpenes? Cannabis terpenes are natural compounds, which can be found in the flower buds of cannabis plants. Hydrocarbons are an important key factor causing cannabis smell. Hydrocarbons can play a self healing role in cannabis plants. Terpene combined with CBD is beneficial to the treatment of anxiety, pain and inflammation, and plays an anti-inflammatory and sedative role. Up to now, more than 200 different terpenes have been found in cannabis plants. Each terpene has different and unique functions. What kinds of terpenes are there 1. bay tree Laurel is the most common plant containing terpenes. Laurel itself will produce a unique smell, including earthy, turf and light pungent, which will produce a strong smell. Although the content of laurel terpene is small, it combines with CBD to produce strong sedative effect on human body. Is a very good antibacterial and analgesic terpene. 2. linalool All natural plant spices contain the shadow of linalool. For example, common lavender and chamomile contain linalool. The combination of linalool and CBD has a soothing effect on the nerves of the human body, which is conducive to helping sleep and anti anxiety. 3. pinene Pinene terpenes are mostly found in pine needles and citrus fruits, and a small amount in industrial hemp. Pinene is more used to treat inflammation in traditional Chinese medicine, and has the best anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. 4. limonene Lemon terpenes are mostly found in the peel of citrus, while industrial hemp contains a small amount. Its smell is slightly sour, with more lime, orange and lemon. CBD combined with limonene has antifungal properties, which can improve mood and inhibit anxiety. 5. humonene Humonene is commonly found in plants such as clove, basil and coriander. It combines with CBD to fight inflammation and improve dyspepsia 6. caryophyllene Caryophyllene is one of the most valuable terpenes. Caryophyllene exists naturally in cloves, black pepper and cinnamon, and emits a unique smell. It can bring a unique "spice taste" and wood aroma to CBD hemp strains. The special feature of this terpene is that it can interact with the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS), which can alleviate human pain. 7. terpene olene Terpenoids are found in industrial hemp and have a woody and smoky taste. It is commonly found in rosemary and sage. It has antibacterial, sedative and antioxidant properties.     Connection between terpene and CBD Terpenes, as carbon and hydrogen in natural plants, are oxidized to form hydrocarbons. The structure of terpene hydrocarbons is different from that of other terpenoids. Terpene hydrocarbons mostly exist in fresh and living ways. When you smell the smell of cannabis plant, it is the smell of terpene hydrocarbons secreted in resin glands. When CBD is combined with terpene hydrocarbons, it can better intuitively smell the unique smell emitted, which has beneficial effects on the human body, such as calming the mind, helping sleep and soothing the nerves, so as to better play the beneficial role of CBD on the human body. Differences between terpenes and terpenoids These terms are usually used interchangeably, but they are not the same. Terpenes are naturally occurring carbon and hydrogen, while terpenoids are terpenes that are altered by oxidation. For example, terpenes are cones and terpenoids are ice cream. The molecular structures of terpenes and terpenoids are different. Terpenes are more active than terpenoids. When you smell the hemp plant, you smell terpenes secreted by resin glands. However, when hemp is dried, terpenoids are formed. These two processes will eventually change the way these molecules transform and work. Terpenes can increase, decrease or change the duration and intensity of action of specific cannabis varieties by affecting the taste and odor of buds.     What is the follower effect? In short, the accompanying effect includes the synergistic interaction between terpenes and cannabinoids in the human body. These aromatic compounds enhance and contribute to the way CBD works in the human system. Accompanying effect: that is, some cannabinoid compounds can work together better or in different ways than when used alone. Therefore, if we put CBD and terpenes together, the accompanying effect may bring better results to people. Terpenes may change the way CBD binds to cannabinoid receptors and enhance their beneficial effects. Different hemp strains can provide different effects. Therefore, cannabinoid ratio and terpene play an important role here. The science behind the accompanying effect is still on the way to understanding.

Is industrial marijuana legal     Because of its hallucinogenic ingredients, cannabis plants are strictly controlled internationally and fall within the control scope of the United Nations Single Convention on narcotic drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol (hereinafter referred to as "the 1961 Convention"). There are also strict provisions in the drug control law of the people's Republic of China, the regulations on the administration of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and other relevant laws and regulations. There are strict requirements and standards for the cultivation and processing of industrial cannabis.     Hemp for industrial use is only for the purpose of obtaining fiber and seeds, and the variety with tetrahydrocannabinol content less than 0.3% by mass and approved for legal cultivation shall be selected; Cannabis plants for other purposes are under control, and their cultivation and production must be approved by the competent authorities. Due to the increasing attention to the cannabis industry, in march2019, the China drug control network of the National Drug Control Commission released a special report entitled "strict regulatory requirements for the application of industrial cannabis".     Although cannabinoid itself is not a controlled drug, the tender leaves and flower buds with high cannabinoid content are generally used in the extraction of cannabinoid. According to articles 2 and 4 of the provisions of Yunnan Province on the license for the cultivation and processing of industrial cannabis, the flower and leaf processing of industrial cannabis shall be subject to the license system according to law, and the products with the content of tetrahydrocannabinol extracted from the processing of industrial fried dough twist higher than 0.3% by mass shall be subject to the laws and regulations on drug control. Therefore, even if the varieties of industrial cannabis are planted, when they are used to extract cannabis diphenol, they still need to apply according to the regulatory requirements and can be produced only after obtaining approval. According to articles 12 and 13 of the provisions of Yunnan Province on the license for industrial cannabis cultivation and processing, those who apply for the processing of industrial large fried dough twist leaf shall submit the source of raw materials, use of raw materials, product types and product processing plans, and shall also have special testing equipment, storage, processing and other facilities and places, as well as testing, storage, standing book and other management systems.

Rare cannabinoid Science Popularization: what is CBN     What is CBN and what is its role If you know about the industrial cannabis market, you are familiar with cannabinoid CBD and THC. These are not the only cannabinoids produced by cannabis plants. Cannabinoid is a general term, and there are still many cannabinoids to be explored. The previous article popularized CBG for everyone. I believe you have a preliminary understanding of rare cannabinoids. Today, we will popularize cannabinol (CBN) and its role. In this cannabis plant umbrella, each medicinal compound is unique and different from each other, especially in terms of its effects and benefits. For example, what is the difference between THC and CBD? What is the difference between CBD and CBN? In today's article, we will delve into the world of CBN and how it affects people's spirit and body.     What is CBN CBN is the medical abbreviation of cannabinol, cannabinol - a non intoxicating compound. With the aging of plants, the content of CBN will be higher. Therefore, cannabinol is usually present in very high amounts in older cannabis plants. Many people deliberately look for older marijuana for high levels of CBN. Biologically, cannabinol comes from the decomposition and oxidation of tetrahydrocannabinol from the cannabis plant. Therefore, when thc is exposed to CO 2 and heated, it will be converted to CBN. In terms of pharmacokinetics, CBN is 1/6 to 1/10 of the potency of THC and CB1 receptor. This compound has a mild mental reaction, but is much lower than tetrahydrocannabinol. CBN is a by-product of THC, which is usually very low in cannabis strains. Cannabinoid was the first cannabinoid isolated; It was initially thought to be the cause of cannabis causing psychoactive ingredients in humans (before the discovery of THC). Next, we will do a comprehensive science popularization for you. If you have read CBG science popularization, you can skip it. Endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) Endogenous cannabinoids. The nomenclature of cannabinoids discovered later is based on this. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) is one of the most important physiological systems involved in maintaining and establishing human health. The goal of the system is to maintain internal balance and ensure that our personal maintenance system can maintain a stable internal environment in case of fluctuations or changes in the external environment. The endocannabinoid system can be described as a signal system in the human body, which is composed of endocannabinoids, endogenous receptors and enzymes, and works simultaneously with most other physiological systems. These cannabinoids are found in the brain, connective tissue, glands, immune cells and organs throughout the body. Think of ECS as a circular process in our body: bind cannabinoids to our receptors, do what it needs to do, and then use enzymes to decompose them. After learning about ECs, let's explain how CBD, CBN and thc work in ECs?     CBN and its functions Chemically, the composition of CBN is very similar to THC. It is thought to bind mainly to CB2 receptors, but may still interact with CB1 receptors. It acts as an agonist of TRPV2 receptor, a naturally occurring protein that helps regulate multiple biological systems in the human body. Because of this, CBN may be effective in helping to reduce inflammation, pain, bone health, lower blood pressure, and treat skin conditions and irritation.     CBD oil and its functions CBD is a medical term for cannabinoids - it is a non psychoactive cannabinoid derived from the cannabis plant. As a natural compound used in oils, ointments and tinctures, it is designed to provide a feeling of relaxation and calm. Unlike THC, this compound is not "exciting". Cannabinoid does not directly bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors in the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS). However, this cannabinoid interacts indirectly with endogenous cannabinoid receptors and affects them in other ways. Cannabinoid affects these receptors by up regulating other compounds that interact with the receptors of the endogenous cannabinoid system.     CBD and CBN: what is the difference? CBD and CBN are different. When taken alone, cannabis diphenol (CBD) can make people feel awake and improve their nerve concentration. On the other hand, cannabinol (CBN) may have a similar sedative effect. When it comes to human appetite, the effects of the two drugs and endogenous cannabinoids are also slightly different. Cannabinoid can be used as a mild appetite inhibitor, and cannabinoid can stimulate people's appetite. In conclusion, these cannabis compounds are rumored to help alleviate inflammation and pain symptoms. Regardless of the use of either or both of these compounds, consult your doctor before taking any natural remedies or supplements. What are the benefits of CBN? Currently under study, cannabinol shows potential benefits. Please note that the current research on this compound is limited and rare, and few studies have proved its effect on human body. 1. it can stimulate appetite A 2012 psychopharmacology study analyzed the effects of CBN and CBD rodents and their feeding patterns. Researchers found that cannabinol increased food intake in mice, suggesting that it may be an effective appetite stimulant. 2. it can be used as antibacterial agent A structural activity study was conducted in 2008 to answer questions about cannabinoids containing antibacterial properties. The researchers tested CBN on antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. They found that cannabinoid acts as an effective antibacterial agent against these resistant strains. 3. may have anti-inflammatory properties These cannabinoids may be an effective anti-inflammatory agent, which can help those suffering from inflammatory diseases, diseases, diseases, etc. A recent rodent study in 2016 concluded that CBN has been shown to reduce arthritis. 4. it may be a neuroprotective agent New evidence has begun to focus on cannabis and its effects on nervous system diseases. Evidence from clinical studies in mouse models suggests that cannabinoids may provide some therapeutic benefits for nervous system diseases. Researchers specifically studied amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and suggested that CBN could delay the onset of this condition.     Rumors about CBN If you have heard or read CBN before, you may have seen it discussed and praised as a sedative or super sedative. Few studies have analyzed the sedative effects of CBN. However, a human study did answer this question in the 1970s. This human study was very small. There were five volunteers. No volunteers reported that the endogenous cannabinoid made them feel sleepy. Cannabinol is rich in sedative terpenes. These terpenes may be responsible for these sedative effects. last Although cannabis diphenol and tetrahydrocannabinol are the headlines and highlights of the cannabis industry, cannabis phenol is slowly and firmly going bright. Animal and human clinical trials and studies are ongoing to analyze the impact and potential benefits of CBN, but much remains to be done.

Separation and purification of cannabinoid from hemp leaves     Hemp, also known as hemp, hemp and cold hemp, belongs to the dicotyledonous class of urticaria. It originated in Central Asia and is a dioecious plant. It is known as "the source of national textile and the ancestor of thousands of years". It has many functions, such as moisture absorption, heat dissipation, bacteriostasis, ventilation and so on. With the scientific and technological progress of hemp company, more than 120 kinds of active ingredients, called cannabinoids, have been found in hemp, of which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinoid diphenol (CBD) are the main active ingredients.     THC has hallucinogenic and addictive effects, which is the only reason for banning cannabis cultivation in many countries. Cannabis diphenol is a non-toxic and non addictive hallucinogenic active substance in industrial cannabis, known as "anti drug compound". China's industrial cannabis industry has gradually moved from the initial food production and processing to the comprehensive development and utilization of CBD and other effective ingredients extracted from the leaves of industrial fried dough twist.     At present, the common methods of cannabinoid extraction include organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction, membrane separation technology and so on. Haohongjiang et al. Extracted hemp leaves with 7 times volume fraction 60% ethanol for 3 times, 2h/ time, and obtained a good CBD process. At this time, the yield of cannabinoid extract was 0.134%, and CBD accounted for 2.89% of the extract content; Moreno et al. Obtained the extract with high CBD content of 449mg/g from the flower buds of New Zealand Industrial cannabis by supercritical CO2 technology, extraction pressure of 130Mpa and ethanol as cosolvent; Zhengling et al. Used membrane separation technology to optimize CBD industrial extraction. Through methanol extraction, water precipitation and 50 ℃ hot reflux extraction of alcohol water system for 5h, CBD crude products with purity higher than 60% can be obtained after water precipitation crystallization. Although there are many ways to obtain cannabinoids, the purity of CBD is about 60%. At present, there is little research on CBD extraction and function in China. Resin adsorption method is often used, and then crude CBD products are obtained through vacuum concentration, with the content of less than 60%. There are also crude cannabinoid products with the content of more than 60% CBD obtained by membrane separation technology.     Clinical studies have shown that CBD can quickly penetrate the blood-brain barrier and can be used as a drug for the treatment of nervous system diseases caused by stress. It can effectively treat arthritis, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Sartim et al. Showed through the forced swimming experiment of mice that CBD can reduce the time of mice at rest, thus proving that CBD may have antidepressant effect. Linge et al. Explored the effect of CBD on different kinds of mouse depression models, and explored the signal pathway that may activate BDNF TrkB to cause synaptic plasticity. With the gradual emergence of various biological activities and medical values of CBD, obtaining high-purity CBD has become a research hotspot.

Common problems of industrial cannabis     What is industrial marijuana? Industrial cannabis is a plant or any part of a plant (including seeds) from the genus Cannabis. After special cultivation, the content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in its leaves and inflorescences does not exceed 1%. Industrial cannabis can only be grown in Tasmania from certified cannabis seeds, which are certified as seeds according to regulations, and usually produce cannabis plants with THC concentration not exceeding 0.5% in leaves and inflorescences. industrial hemp     What is feasible for industrial marijuana? Energetic seeds are seeds that can germinate and grow under appropriate conditions.     What is industrial marijuana for? Industrial marijuana is used for seed or fiber production. Hemp fiber and pulp can be used for industrial and consumer textiles, paper and building materials, while hemp seed and hemp seed oil can be used for industrial products, cosmetics and food.     Is hemp seed oil a drug? can't. Hemp seed oil is an extract of hemp seeds and does not contain any extract of hemp plants. In addition, cannabis seed oil contains only trace amounts of cannabinoids. If the label of a "cannabis seed oil" product states that it contains cannabinoids, such as cannabis bisphenol (CBD), it is not cannabis seed oil. The product may be mislabeled, mixed with linseed oil or mixed with other cannabinoids. Cannabis oil, as a medicinal cannabis product, can only be obtained through the prescription of a medical expert who has obtained a special access plan approval or authorized prescription. Products must be legally produced and manufactured in accordance with appropriate quality standards. The supply of federally approved and, where necessary, imported medicinal cannabis products is authorized by the therapeutic products Administration (TGA) and the office of drug control (ODC).     What is the difference between industrial marijuana and marijuana? The concentration of THC in industrial cannabis plants is very low, which means that they have no psychoactive (mind changing) effects associated with illicit cannabis varieties (commonly known as cannabis) with high thc concentrations. What is the difference between industrial marijuana and medicinal marijuana? The term medicinal cannabis covers a range of approved pharmaceutical grade cannabis products of guaranteed quality for human therapeutic use, such as tablets, oils, tinctures and other extracts.

Medical application of cannabinoid diphenol (CBD)       Analgesic and anti-inflammatory CBD exerts its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects through the dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, which is better than the well-known and widely used aspirin. Antiepileptic GABA neurotransmitters in the brain have a sedative effect and inhibit the excitability of the brain center. CBD helps to control the consumption of GABA neurotransmitters, inhibit brain excitation, reduce seizures, and improve the efficacy of other antiepileptic drugs.     Anti anxiety Endogenous cannabinoid is an important substance that helps depression patients reduce anxiety, which exists in the human body. CBD can help maintain the endogenous cannabinoid at a reasonable level, make the patient feel good, happy and calm CBD oil can effectively restore human memory, which will help prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. It can effectively alleviate anxiety, stress, panic attacks and a series of psychological and physiological disorders, and help to reduce dependence on alcohol and nicotine. CBD has excellent anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the role of inflammatory factors TNF and no produced by peritoneal macrophages. CBD plays an analgesic and anti-inflammatory role through the dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. It is of great value in spasticity, epilepsy and other diseases and medical research value, CBD has a wide range of therapeutic potential in the treatment of non mental and mental diseases, such as anxiety, depression and mental diseases. CBD is also a cannabinoid monomer in skin care products.     Skin care effect of cannabinoid diphenol (CBD) Cannabinoid diphenol (CBD) is a hemp extract, which has anti-aging, anti-oxidation and autoimmune effects. In combination with other organic pure compounds, CBD provides the most natural care for the skin. Cannabinoid helps neutralize harmful free radicals that irritate and damage the skin from ultraviolet light (such as the sun), leading to aging and impaired healing. Cannabinoid can protect skin from long-term damage, promote skin wound healing, growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of sebaceous glands and hair follicles. CBD has anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects on the skin surface, alleviates skin inflammation, fights skin problems such as acne and acne, combines anti-oxidation with free radicals in the skin, resists the attack of free radicals on collagen, handles skin infection, helps heal skin damage and has anti-oxidation effects.

What benefits do CBG and CBDA bring to the human body     Benefits of CBDA and CBG A few years ago, mainstream media people focused their attention on many t-free plant elements in cannabis. These cannabinoids have very high health and health care potential, namely CBD. Although "cannabis" is regarded as a dangerous plant, adults of all ages soon accepted the health potential of CBD products derived from "industrial cannabis". Today, various news organizations are paying attention to the possible benefits of CBDA and CBG, two other cannabinoids produced in small quantities. Although these latest reports are quite convincing, the research on these two cannabinoids is just beginning. However, there are many other reasons to consider adding these minor, little-known cannabinoids to people's daily lives. Once we understand many of their potential benefits, it is easy to understand why so many CBD users prefer CBD tinctures injected with CBDA and CBG.     What is CBDA? How does CBDA compare to CBD? CBDA (cannabinoid acid) is the precursor of CBD (cannabinoid), which is essentially a pre evolved form of cannabinoid. Although researchers once thought that CBDA was "inactive" and insignificant in treatment, the current survey shows that CBD and CBDA have similar health and health care potential. Both have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti anxiety and neuroprotective properties. Although their chemical properties are similar, many of their potential health benefits are realized through completely different mechanisms. CBD works by interacting with the receptor of your endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS), the largest regulatory system in the body. CBDA does not interact with ECS receptors. Instead, the researchers believe that CBDA interacts with receptors in the serotonin system. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has a direct impact on energy levels, metabolism, emotional responses and sleep cycles.     What is CBG? How does CBG compare to CBD? CBG (cannabinoid) is the activated form of cannabinoid acid (CBGA), which is the first cannabinoid produced when seedlings begin to grow. Over time, heat and sunlight convert CBGA into CBD, CBG and THC. As the level of CBD increases, the level of CBG decreases. By the time mature plants are ready for harvest, the CBG content of plant extracts is usually less than 1%. Although full spectrum CBD products usually contain only trace amounts of CBG, their status as a secondary cannabinoid will never reduce their importance. Like CBD, CBG is non-toxic and has a very low risk of side effects. It shows analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti anxiety and neuroprotective properties through its interaction with ECS receptors. Although the research of CBG is not as good as CBD, preliminary investigation shows that its effect seems to be stronger. If you are interested in related products, please feel free to leave a message on the website or add our contact information on the official website.

Is CBD effective for PTSD     It is said that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often affects soldiers who survive on the battlefield. It is not a rare disease at present. Given the limited treatment options available, you may have heard that CBD is effective for PTSD. In fact, CBD is not necessarily effective at present, but some studies show that it is very promising. In this article, I will explain which effects of CBD are considered effective for PTSD and, conversely, which aspects are considered ineffective.     1. Is the "anti-inflammatory effect" of CBD effective for PTSD? PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) is also called "post-traumatic stress disorder" in Chinese. It is a state of anxiety, isolation, tension and other stress symptoms due to life-threatening psychological impact. PTSD has four main symptoms: ① Invasion symptoms: unpleasant and painful memories of traumatic events suddenly reappear or repeat like nightmares. In addition, when you remember, your feelings may be upset, and you may have a physical reaction (palpitations or sweating). ② Avoidance symptoms: try to avoid remembering and thinking about events, and avoid reminding your people, events, situations and dialogues. ③ Negative changes in cognition and emotion: negative sense of identity, loss of interest and interest, feeling of isolation and isolation from others, and loss of positive emotions (happiness, feelings, etc.). ④ Significant changes in arousal and response: irritability, reckless or self destructive behavior, excessive alertness, shock response, even the slightest stimulation is frightening, difficult to concentrate and sleep disorders. Research shows that more than half of the people self heal within 3 months after PTSD, but a certain number of people do not self heal after more than 1 year.     There are also some special treatment methods that are conducted through face-to-face counseling, and we will gradually expand the scope of thinking and understanding, such as "continuous exposure therapy" (PE) to contact with real things and memories. These include cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and eye movement desensitization therapy (EMDR), in which the therapist's fingers move left and right with the eyes while remembering the cause of the injury. Antidepressants such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are also considered effective for PTSD. As you can see, there are many treatment options, but the best way is to talk to someone you can trust and recover naturally. Many people who are still unresolved or unwilling to use existing treatments may want to know, "is CBD effective for PTSD?"

How is THC removed   Even if you want to manufacture CBD goods, THC, an illegal ingredient, cannot be detected from the navigation raw materials, which is disturbing. If you purchase raw materials from ordinary wholesalers or entrust some enterprises with OEM manufacturing, you usually have no opportunity to know how thc is actually removed. This article will tell you how thc is actually removed. There are three main extraction methods for CBD raw materials, which are separated according to the solvent used during extraction. 1. Supercritical CO2 extraction 2. Ethanol extraction Hydrocarbon extraction This time, supercritical CO2 extraction, the raw material extraction method handled by our company, is taken as an example to explain. For details of other extraction methods, please see the following report. Manufacturing method of CBD raw materials Supercritical CO2 extraction (each extraction company has an "extraction formula", and there are also cases before and after the process or skipping) is basically processed from hemp biomass to CBD raw materials through the following process. Manufacturing operation of CBD raw materials     ※ hemp biomass: refers to dried hemp. Before applying hemp biomass to the extraction unit, it needs to be dried. Before the harvested hemp biomass is poured on the CO2 extractor, the biomass must be dried to make it easy to enter the extractor and be crushed. As the drying standard, it is necessary to control the humidity at about 10~12% (depending on the machine used and the things you want to extract). Pour the dried and crushed hemp biomass on the extractor to extract crude oil (liquid extract) first. In addition to CBD, this crude oil also contains other cardamoms, terpenes, other natural waxes and, of course, THC. The subsequent processes (winterization and disintegration) are to remove the ingredients other than CBD and refine them to produce raw materials with higher purity of CBD. At the end of the disintegration stage, the extracted extract is "CBD disintegration". The CBD contained in CBD distillate can be adjusted by repeating the distilling process. At this time, it also contains about 4% THC (before and after using hemp biomass raw materials). When this CBD distillate is set to CBD broad spectrum (THC free distillate), perform thc removal.     ※ when making CBD isotopes, skip the "refining" in the above figure. During the isolation process, filter with heptane hexon pentane and other solvents to remove THC. How to remove thc is explained below. The most popular method to remove thc is "chromatography" THC removal methods are mainly divided into the following two types. ① Chromatography (i.e separation) ② Conversion In the United States, the process of removing thc is collectively referred to as "thc mediation" and "thc remove". The removal of THC can be roughly divided into two methods (separation / conversion). Explain in sequence. Method for separating chromographicbd and THC The most popular removal method in history is called "chromatography". Chromatographic method, make use of the polarity (※) of THC and CBD to separate them. ※ molecule: a combination of atoms. The smallest unit that can divide a substance without losing its chemical properties. H2 (hydrogen) O2 (oxygen), etc.     ※ polarity: uneven distribution of positive and negative charges in molecules or chemical bonds. Separation of CBD and THC THC and CBD, in fact, have very similar molecular structures and the same chemical formula. However, thc can be separated from extracts and distillates of raw materials due to different polarity and atomic configuration. The specific method is to separate THC and CBD with solvents (ethanol, water, etc.). CBD moves with the solvent and is discharged earlier than THC. There are many forms of chromatography. Reverse phase flash chromatography and counter current chromatography are the mainstream methods to remove THC. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) is sometimes used as an analytical machine in the production of coa. (chromatography is the determination method, chromatography is the device, and chromatography refers to the determination result) reference material Source: what is HPLC (high speed liquid chromatography) produced by Shimadzu Co., Ltd Convert to other navigation nodes "Conversion" is not to remove THC, but to convert it into other molecules (CBD or other navigation) by chemical transformation, ultraviolet decomposition or thermal oxidation. Although THC and CBD have different atomic arrangements, their molecular structures are very similar and their chemical formulas are the same. Chemical formula of CBD and THC Source: National Library of Medicine Compared with chromatography, the conversion operation is simple, so the price is cheap. On the other hand, according to the system used, about 15%~30% CBD may be lost after conversion. Even the removal method of THC can be conveyed because it attaches importance to legitimacy USDA organic certification Off Co., Ltd. is a company that entrusts the OEM manufacturing and raw material sales of CBD products. The raw materials operated by the company have the following three characteristics.  

How to judge the quality of CBD     When using CBD, the prices of different products vary greatly, but I think many people do not know how to judge the quality.     1、 Properties of CBD raw materials The most important thing is the nature of the raw material itself. Using it may make you feel good or bad, but it is important to understand the specific reasons. 1. The combination of cannabinoids is crucial. You can check the COA of the raw materials used. When ingested, it has a great impact on the effect. As mentioned above, it can be confirmed by COA (component analysis report). As you can see, this example includes CBD, cbdv, and CBC. In the powder state, CBD and cbdv will not detect anything else. In addition to CBD, broad spectrum oil also includes CBDA, thcv, CBG, C and other substances. 2. Tasting Due to the interaction between cannabinoids, terpenes and other components (flavonoids, chlorophyll, etc.), cannabis will produce bitter and earthy taste. In order to mask these bitterness, when making oil or powder, for example, a powder with MCT oil powder can be designed. CBD is mixed with other substances, which will reduce its purity, but raw materials using these technologies are more easily used to develop palatable products, such as steam, oil and food 3. Shape CBD raw materials vary in shape. ○ wax ○ powder ○ oil There are various forms, but the forms can change with temperature and time. Of course, we will supply different forms of CBD according to customers' requirements. 4. Solubility Many people may have experienced the crystallization and precipitation of CBD in liquid without good dissolution. The higher the concentration, the higher the risk of crystallization. Water soluble CBD will increase the risk of sedimentation. As a result, consumers will have to bother boiling and stirring. Generally, the standard of separation and broad spectrum is 60%-99% and the water solubility is 10%, but the development of a raw material called "anti crystallization" to prevent crystallization is also in progress, and the solubility of the raw material is higher than this level.     2、 Supplier The quality of CBD provided by each supplier is different due to different varieties of marijuana, different planting places, different extraction methods and different services. 1. Let's take the extraction method as an example: The process of extracting CBD from our company is as follows. Solvent extraction (ethanol, supercritical carbon dioxide, ice water, etc.) Remove fat and wax by filtration Remove thc by distillation (only remove THC, etc.) → CBD distillate Recrystallization by cooling (CBD crystallization only) → CBD isolate The best way is to meet the following conditions: ① Reduce the loss of cannabinoids and terpenes ② , solvent-free and other residual components used for extraction 2. Take the services provided as an example: Our company provides comprehensive safety testing to ensure the safety of raw materials. ① , pesticides ② . residual solvent ③ , microorganism (mycotoxin) ④ Heavy metals We have certification from all regions of the world to ensure the safety of our products (such as FDA, MTSD, etc.).     3、 Price When our products are produced, the following major costs will be incurred. 1. Cost of plant raw materials 2. Equipment operation and maintenance costs 3. Labor cost 4. Transportation cost 5. Cost of supporting facilities 6. Taxes Therefore, we believe that the following are reliable prices for raw materials bought and sold in China: Average wholesale price of solid cbd1kg: 1700$-2000$ Average wholesale price of full spectrum oil cbd1kg: 1900$-2300$     4、 Feel the effect of CBD When purchasing raw materials, I think the raw material characteristics, suppliers and prices mentioned above are very important to the quality of CBD raw materials! Moreover, from the perspective of the use of raw materials and the delivery of products to consumers, I think the actual feeling of the effect is also one of the key points to determine the quality of raw materials! It can be said that the higher the effect, the better the quality of raw materials. I think there is a trade-off relationship with safety! I think the best raw materials are those that are effective, safe and reasonably priced. As long as we can keep it safe, we recommend effective raw materials!

Main application fields of industrial cannabis   The downstream of industrial cannabis includes more than ten fields, such as textile, medical treatment, food, cosmetics, building materials, etc. Fiber and medical use are the main application directions of industrial cannabis at present. As a fiber, the roots and seeds of industrial hemp are the raw materials for paper-making, textile, non-toxic materials, polishing agents and lubricants.     Hemp fiber is one of the most durable natural fibers on the earth. The products made from hemp fiber have the characteristics of durability, tensile resistance, mold resistance, antibacterial, lightness and breathability. Fiber use is the main downstream application of cannabis industry in China. In 2017, 76% of China's industrial cannabis products were textile fibers. The global cannabis fiber industry is also developing rapidly. The global (excluding China) hemp fiber output has increased steadily year by year since 2010. In 2017, the output of hemp fiber reached 55021 tons. As a medical use, CBD (cannabinoid) in the extract of industrial cannabis can be used to treat epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other diseases. The extracts of industrial cannabis can be divided into cannabinoids and non cannabinoids.     CBD belongs to cannabinoid family, which is the main chemical component in cannabis. It is extracted from female cannabis plants. It is a non addictive component in cannabis. It has anti spasmodic, anti anxiety, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. It can act on the treatment of a variety of difficult diseases, and can effectively eliminate the hallucinogenic effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on human body. It is called "anti drug compound". CBD has great potential for medical treatment, and the legalization has promoted the birth of a 10 billion legal cannabis market.

Rare cannabinoid Science Popularization: CBDA     In the past five years, the world began to pay attention to cannabis diphenol (CBD). Perhaps the largest consumer market is in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, of which nearly 10% of the population admit to having tried CBD oil. Most people may think that industrial cannabis or industrial cannabis plants used to manufacture CBD products can be found in magical molecules. However, in fact, this is not the case. Cannabis bisphenol acid (CBDA) - a plant precursor of CBD - is found in fresh industrial cannabis. CBD appears only when its acidic counterpart is heated. CBDA has been wrongly considered as an inactive compound for many years. This concept - coupled with the instability of CBDA, which begins to degrade over time - means that scientific research on acidic forms of CBD is quite limited. However, due to the introduction of the patented CBDA "ester" (an interesting variant of CBD molecule) and a large number of positive rumors about the efficacy of CBDA by medical industrial marijuana patients and doctors, CBDA is now undergoing a certain revival and media interest is increasing.     What is CBDA? In 1965, Raphael mechoulam, an Israeli scientist, first isolated industrial cannabinoid acid. By exposing to sufficient heat or sunlight, CBDA becomes CBD through a chemical process called decarboxylation, in which the carboxyl group is lost. For many diseases such as cancer, anxiety, epilepsy, refractory nausea and vomiting, CBDA may play an important role in the treatment table. Although many of us associate decarboxylation with industrial marijuana, the same chemical reaction occurs in cell respiration. That's why we all exhale carbon dioxide as a metabolic byproduct. For many years, decarboxylated cannabinoids have been considered as "activating" compounds that produce more effective therapeutic effects in our bodies. However, this hypothesis has recently been reversed, and studies have shown that CBDA is more effective in activating 5 - ht1a serotonin receptors than CBD. As an antagonist of another important receptor GPR55, CBDA also showed stronger binding affinity than CBD. These findings show that CBDA can indeed play an important role in the treatment of cancer, anxiety, epilepsy, refractory nausea and vomiting and other diseases. Because of its role in emotion regulation, serotonin is probably the most well-known neurotransmitter. However, the biological effects of serotonin go far beyond making us happy. It is related to many physiological functions such as nausea, vomiting and intestinal movement. Our understanding of the activation of 5 - ht1a serotonin receptors by CBDA is largely due to the research of Erin rock and her team at Guelph University in Ontario, led by neuroscientist Linda Parker. Rock studied the application of CBD and CBDA in the treatment of different types of nausea and vomiting. She showed that by binding to 5-HT1A receptors in a more effective manner than CBD, CBDA inhibited nausea and vomiting caused by toxins and motion sickness. The amount of CBDA required to reduce nausea is a staggering 1000 times less than the amount required for CBD to produce the same effect. Perhaps the most exciting breakthrough has to do with the remarkable success of CBDA in reducing the expected nausea - a strong nausea that patients feel terrible before chemotherapy and even before treatment begins. It should be noted that there is no effective drug treatment for anticipatory nausea. In another study on the effect of combining CBDA with ondansetron, a standard antiemetic drug, rock's team found that CBDA could enhance the anti nausea effect of the drug even at very low doses. In fact, rock continues to assert that the amount of CBDA required to reduce nausea is a staggering 1000 times less than the amount required for CBD to produce the same effect. In addition, Canadian scientists confirmed that CBDA is not intoxicating or damaging because it does not interact with CB1 industrial cannabinoid receptors. This makes CBDA a better choice for patients who struggle with the mood changing effects of THC rich industrial cannabis or dronabinol (FDA approved synthetic THC).     CBDA and epilepsy CBD has become the mainstream mainly because of its famous antiepileptic effect. So far, the only approved CBD drug in the United States is the purified CBD tincture epidiolex, which is used to treat three kinds of drug-resistant epilepsy. It is not surprising that GW Pharma, the company behind epidiolex, is paying close attention to the therapeutic potential of CBDA. In the pharmacokinetic study comparing CBDA with CBD, GW scientists found that CBDA has higher bioavailability and faster onset than CBD - these characteristics make CBDA a very attractive choice for drug development. Not only does it require a lower dose (thereby reducing the chance of side effects), but CBDA is more effective in reducing seizures in some parameters. Some of these data appear in the patent application of GW Used to "treat epilepsy with industrial cannabinoids" rather than in peer-reviewed studies. But it certainly supports rock's findings and anecdotal reports from American industrial marijuana clinicians such as Bonni Goldstein and Dustin sulak, who have achieved great success in treating patients with CBDA. Case history Peruvian doctor Max Alzamora shared a convincing case study involving CBDA at the recent webinar of the association of industrial cannabis clinicians. Grundy, 14, had 10 seizures a day due to autoimmune encephalitis. Before seeing Dr. Alzamora, she was in a coma for 45 days. She was also infected with drug-induced hepatitis, which was caused by the drug she prescribed. Glendy's parents purchased CBD oil from the United States, thereby reducing some seizures. However, it is not economically feasible for the family to purchase imported CBD oil, so Dr. Alzamora found a local source of CBD oil. Or he thinks so. "Acid cannabinoids open up a range of therapeutic possibilities." – Dr Max Alzamora It turns out that CBD oil is not decarboxylated, and glendy is actually taking CBDA. This was later confirmed when the oil was sent to a California Laboratory for analysis. Guess what - her seizures are further reduced. In fact, according to the latest statistics, Grundy, now 16, has only 10 seizures a year and no longer takes any antiepileptic drugs. Since switching to CBDA oil, her cognitive development, anxiety, autistic behavior and overall quality of life have been significantly improved. "Although I have achieved good results in patients treated with industrial cannabinoids containing THC and CBD," Dr. Alzamora said, "CBDA is particularly effective in the treatment of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and inflammatory diseases. For me, acid industrial cannabinoids open up a range of treatment possibilities." However, medical scientists still need to understand the multiple mechanisms of CBDA in epilepsy and other diseases. "I personally will collect more evidence to benefit patients," Alzamora asserted.     Anti inflammatory CBDA Since glendy's epilepsy is caused by autoimmune diseases, her positive response to CBDA may be partly attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of acid cannabinoid, which may be due to its role as a selective COX-2 inhibitor. There are two types of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 maintains the normal inner wall of the stomach and intestine, and COX-2 has a pro-inflammatory effect. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. By inhibiting COX-1, long-term use of these over-the-counter drugs can lead to serious gastrointestinal complications. Therefore, the development of selective COX-2 inhibitors that bypass COX-1 and alleviate inflammation related symptoms in patients while avoiding any dangerous long-term consequences has therapeutic significance. As a COX-2 inhibitor, CBDA has shown its potential as a safer non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, although it has not been studied in humans. Get some CBDA in your life In fact, after living in the shadow of CBD for so many years, it seems that CBDA is finally recognized as a safe and more effective substitute in some aspects, which can replace its famous industrial cannabinoid. If you want to use CBD in your daily life to solve some problems, please feel free to contact us

The old year is gone and the new year is approaching. Gongma Bio-CBD sincerely wishes you prosperity in the Year of the Dragon, a soaring career, and good fortune. Sincerely thank you for your continued support and trust in us! In the new year, we will, as always, wholeheartedly provide you with better products and services, and share with you the joy and health of the Year of the Dragon. I wish you good luck, wealth, love, health and happiness in the Year of the Dragon!

The old year is gone and the new year is approaching. Gongma Bio-CBD sincerely wishes you prosperity in the Year of the Dragon, a soaring career, and good fortune. Sincerely thank you for your continued support and trust in us! In the new year, we will, as always, wholeheartedly provide you with better products and services, and share with you the joy and health of the Year of the Dragon. I wish you good luck, wealth, love, health and happiness in the Year of the Dragon!

What are the CBD raw materials   CBD is a hot topic these days, but there are many kinds of CBD, such as CBN, water-soluble CBD and synthetic CBD. Many people can't catch up with which one to use and how to choose when making products     In this article What are the different types of CBD components? What are the characteristics of each? What should I choose?   We will go into details:   1. CBD raw materials (3 basic types) The diagram above shows the composition of marijuana. Part of cannabinoid, the name of the medicinal compound contained in cannabis herb, is an ingredient called CBD (cannabinoid). It also contains a natural flavor component called terpene, which gives plants aroma, taste and color. Remember, there are three CBD components (see figure above): Full spectrum (raw material containing all the ingredients in cannabis) Broad spectrum (raw material from which thc has been removed from all components of cannabis) Isolate (only CBD raw material is extracted from the components contained in cannabis) Let's take a closer look at each one. Full spectrum The full spectrum is a raw material that contains all the ingredients contained in cannabis. Its composition is closest to that of natural cannabis herb, and it is said to have the strongest pharmacological effect. Cannabis is the most mainstream in legal countries, but it cannot be used in countries with THC regulations, including China. According to the ratio of THC and CBD, it can play a variety of effects and can also be used for medical purposes. broad spectrum By ingesting CBD together with other cannabinoids (CBN, CBG, etc.), you can achieve a stronger CBD effect than CBD alone. This is known as the entourage effect and has been clarified through research. Even if the same ingredients are used, the components of cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, CBN) and terpenes (flavor components) will be different, and the obtained flavor and effect will also vary according to the ingredients. Therefore, by adjusting the ingredients, you can use some products according to your desired mood, such as relax, sleep, uplifting and calm. Isolate The isolate is a raw material obtained by extracting only CBD from the components contained in cannabis. The purity of CBD was 99.9%. All substances in plants, including THC, terpene, wax, oil and chlorophyll, were removed during CBD separation and extraction. Because it is tasteless, almost no hemp flavor. Although its pharmacological effect is not as good as that of broad spectrum, it is a cheap and easy to buy raw material. It is recommended when you want to emphasize the non hemp flavor or want to reduce the cost when designing the product.     2. cannabinoid So far, we have looked at the types of raw materials, but here we will look at them from the perspective of cannabinoids. Although each has different pharmacological effects, we will choose representative ones. CBD (cannabinoid) CBD (cannabinoid) is used to improve health, relieve insomnia, anxiety and stress, and alleviate inflammation of muscles and joints. It is a cannabinoid, which has received the most attention because of its wide range of pharmacological effects. In medical treatment, it has been proved to be effective for epilepsy and seizures, and more and more countries use it for medical purposes. CBN (cannabinol) CBN (cannabinol) is said to have a strong sedative effect and is said to be particularly effective for insomnia. In addition, antibacterial, neuroprotective, bone growth promoting and psoriasis (a disease that causes skin redness and rash) have also attracted people's attention. It has almost no mental effect like tetrahydrocannabinol, but because tetrahydrocannabinol is a cannabinoid produced by oxidation or exposure to light and air, its use is limited in some countries such as Europe. It can be used in Japan. CBG (cannabinol) CBG (cannabinoid) directly binds to powerful cannabinoid receptors in the body and acts on cells of the immune system. It is said to be effective in the treatment of anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxation and glaucoma.     3. terpene (aroma component) Terpenes are aroma components in cannabis. The composition of aroma components in limonene and laurene varies with hemp varieties. The above examples are og Kush and source tsunami, but the ingredients are different. Terpenes are not only limited to cannabis, but also aroma components produced by plants. They have unique smell and beneficial effects, and are used as spices and health food. You can make original CBD products by combining the smell and effect of terpene components. I will explain each of them. Limonene It often exists in lemon, orange, grapefruit, citron, lime, etc., with fruit and citrus flavor. The aroma of peeled citrus fruits. It is said to have anti anxiety and analgesic effects. Laurene It is commonly found in mango, mint and lemongrass and has a earthy smell similar to vanilla and cloves. It is said that it has sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti mutagenic effects. Humonene It exists in hops, coriander, basil, ginseng and so on. It is said to have the smell of soil, wood and spicy. It is said that it has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor and appetite suppressive effects β Caryophyllene It is also found in basil, black pepper and cinnamon and has a pungent smell. It has anti chronic pain, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory and anti necrosis effects. α- Pinene It is rich in conifers such as pine and cypress, as well as Japanese ginger. Once you enter the forest, you can smell the smell of the forest. Even if you enter a new house made of wood, you can smell it α- The taste of pinene. In addition to relaxation / stress inhibition, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, it is also said to improve memory.     4. Processing technology (raw materials according to application) As for the CBD related ingredients we have seen so far, we have recently developed processing technology and are developing easy-to-use raw materials according to applications. Water soluble CBD Cannabinoids such as CBD are fat soluble components, which are only soluble in oil. Even if you try to dissolve CBD in the beverage and process it, it will precipitate, resulting in difficult ingestion. Therefore, CBD becomes soluble in water by processing (nano) it into finer particles and mixing it with emulsifiers (mixed water and oil). Through nano technology, CBD is immediately absorbed into the blood from the mucosa. As a guide, it is said that the effect will appear within 10 minutes after ingestion. It is said that the absorption efficiency has increased by about 3-5 times or more. The CBD of water-soluble CBD is usually 4%-30% by volume, because it contains emulsifiers and taste regulating ingredients. Synthetic CBD Synthetic CBD is a CBD made by chemical synthesis. For example, CBD can be made by synthesizing (bonding) two substances, peridotol and limonene. The reason why it is not extracted from natural cannabis is that it only produces purer CBD. Therefore, the synthetic CBD has no broad spectrum, only isolation. For example, Japan's cannabis control law stipulates that it is illegal to possess commodities containing THC, but this risk can be completely eliminated. However, due to the provisions of the food hygiene law, it has not been approved for use in food (* as of 2021), so it can only be used in cosmetics and other products applied to the skin, such as balsam.